Deze gedetailleerde samenvatting behandelt alles wat aan bod is gekomen tijdens de hoorcolleges, werkcolleges, zelfstudies en minisymposia van Thema 4, 5 & 6 van de cursus Organisme aan de Universiteit Utrecht (BMW10405). Hierdoor bevat het alle informatie die nodig is voor het deeltentamen van The...
,Inhoudsopgave
Thema 4 - Amfibieën en reptielen: overgang van water naar land ........................................................ 4
Overgang van water naar land ............................................................................................................ 4
Foetale membranen ........................................................................................................................ 5
Vroege ontwikkeling van hart en bloedvaten ................................................................................... 10
Late ontwikkeling van hart en bloedvaten ........................................................................................ 13
Verschillen tussen de circulatie van een foetus en een pasgeborene .............................................. 15
Prenatale circulatie........................................................................................................................ 15
Postnatale circulatie ...................................................................................................................... 16
Overzicht perinatale gebeurtenissen ............................................................................................ 17
Ontwikkeling van het hartzakje en middenrif ................................................................................... 17
Vorming van het middenrif ........................................................................................................... 17
Vorming van het hartzakje (pericardium) ..................................................................................... 18
Vorming van lichaamsholten ............................................................................................................. 20
Basisbouwplan extremiteiten (skelet)............................................................................................... 22
Ontwikkeling ledematen ............................................................................................................... 23
Softenon ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Draaiing extremiteiten .................................................................................................................. 29
Gewrichten .................................................................................................................................... 30
Evolutie van beweging................................................................................................................... 33
Spieren........................................................................................................................................... 35
Wervels .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Zenuwen ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Thema 5 - Overgang van koudbloedig naar warmbloedig .................................................................... 40
Voordarm .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Luchtwegen ................................................................................................................................... 41
Slokdarm ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Maag .............................................................................................................................................. 42
Lever .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Alvleesklier .................................................................................................................................... 43
Middendarm ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Draaiing van de darmen ................................................................................................................ 44
Dunne darm ................................................................................................................................... 45
Dikke darm .................................................................................................................................... 45
Einddarm ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Cloaca ............................................................................................................................................ 46
1
, Meckel’s divertikel......................................................................................................................... 47
Gebit en snavel .................................................................................................................................. 48
Relatie dieet en anatomie ................................................................................................................. 50
Verschillen tussen grassen en bladeren ........................................................................................ 51
Verschillen tussen grazers en browsers ........................................................................................ 51
Verschillende structuren gebit en mond tussen grazers en browsers .......................................... 52
Invloed van gewicht voor browsers en grazers ............................................................................. 52
Voordelen foregut fermenters vs. hindgut fermenters ................................................................ 52
Dieet en onderzoek ....................................................................................................................... 52
Kauwspieren ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Speekselklieren.................................................................................................................................. 53
Ontwikkeling van de mondholte en neusholte ................................................................................. 54
Ontwikkeling van de mondholte ................................................................................................... 54
Ontwikkeling van de neusholte en aangezicht.............................................................................. 55
Ontwikkeling van het primaire gehemelte .................................................................................... 55
Ontwikkeling van het secundaire gehemelte ................................................................................ 56
Indeling cavum oris ....................................................................................................................... 57
Indeling van de pharynx (keelholte) .................................................................................................. 57
Evolutie zoogdieren ........................................................................................................................... 58
Cloacadieren .................................................................................................................................. 58
Buideldieren .................................................................................................................................. 59
Eutheria (placentale zoogdieren) .................................................................................................. 59
Bouwplan vogels................................................................................................................................ 59
Ademhalingsstelsel ........................................................................................................................ 60
Thema 6 - De mens................................................................................................................................ 61
Vroege ontwikkeling van het centrale zenuwstelsel ......................................................................... 61
Neurulatie ...................................................................................................................................... 61
Late ontwikkeling van het centrale zenuwstelsel ............................................................................. 62
Telencephalon ............................................................................................................................... 64
Diëncephalon................................................................................................................................. 64
Mesencephalon ............................................................................................................................. 64
Metencephalon ............................................................................................................................. 65
Myelencephalon ............................................................................................................................ 66
Ruggenmerg .................................................................................................................................. 67
Hersenstam ................................................................................................................................... 70
Hersenvliezen ................................................................................................................................ 70
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