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Summary Geography A level superpowers revision notes
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superpower notes on spec points 7.6,7.7,7.8
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Superpower country A nation whoch is able t project its power beyond itsborders,exercised through soft and hard power
Envrionemntl degredation
Middle class Class between lower and upper, rising in BRICs
Explain how global concerns about the physical environment are disproportionally
influenced by superpower actions
1. Greater carbon emissions = sea level rise at developing countries (89% of flood exposed
ppl live in developing countries)
a. China 28% of total carbon emissions, US 15% but has 4.5 times less of a
population, India 7%
b. 71% of bangaldesh live less than 10m above sea level
2. Greater land degredation in developing countries for rare earth materials by TNCs
a. Cobalt mining in congo – birht defects } climate change requires r&d using cobalt
rare earth materials but at what costs????)
3. Waste dumping
a. Wealthier nations send their recyclacble waste overseas because cheaper
b. This is valuable source of income for developing nations
c. European union largest exporter of plastic waste, US top country
d. 40% of UKs plastic waste sent to turkey 2020
4. Arctic oil and gas exploration – oil spils
5. Australia wont stop mining coal bc accounts 10.4% GDP
But emerging countries w growth of middle class is increasing resource stress
Poor air quality in cities
Accelerated deforestation = CO2 for crops, biofuel, food
Explain how middle class consumption has implications for the availiability and cost of
key resources
Increased pressure for resources increases prices and tensions between nations
1. Energy insecurity – prices of oil and gas increasing leading to shortages countries w larger
resoivoirs in good position
2. Resource insecurity – demand for rare earth materials leading to higher rices eg. Lithium
increased demand for eletric cars
3. Water insecurity – water shortages from overabstraction = food insecurity in agriculture
droughts
4. Food insecruity – land use used for crops to produce meat and dairy products releasing
more greenhouse gases
, ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE – developed countries greater economic growth
reduces envrionemtal degredation eventually
Economic spheres of - Advancef development enable to buy resources /
influence influence trade patterns (china in africa)
Political spheres of - Territory
influence - Physical resourcse
Exploitation
Cultural Influnce behaviours / traditions, promoting a set of
distinct values
Neocolonialism Indirect control over developing countries eg. China
africa
USA memberships G7, G8, UN, Security council, NATO, IMF
US hegemony US power reinforced through media and TNCs
41% of global reciprts for royalties and licsne fees went
to the uS in 2006
2021 us HOME TO 59 OF TOP 100 FIRMS 65% OF TOTAL
MARKET CAP VALUE
Biggest military – spends more than next 9 highest
countries (45% of worlds total military spending) } saudi
arabia spending most out of share of GDP
UNIPOLAR PATTERN ONE eg. British empire in 1944
BIPOLAR TWO opposing 1945-1991 US VS USSR cold war
MULTIPOLAR Three or more – eU, china
Spheres of contest Regions / property that governments compete over
Eg. Border disputes, IP issues of counterfieting (ethical
dilemma w vaccines)
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