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DISEASE DILEMMAS (Paper 3 - Geographical Debates)How to use this checklist: When preparing for an exam it is important to revise each topic several times with a gap of several days between each session to
Revision
Revision
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help develop your long term memory. You can use the columns on the right to keep track of this.
Warning: This checklist is the minimum knowledge that is required to do well in this examination. In addition, you must be able to demonstrate skills of
observation, explanation and evaluation, and in order to achieve the highest marks you will need to extend your understanding of each aspect of the topic.
Name
1a) How can diseases be classified and their patterns mapped?
How can diseases be classified, including infectious & non-infectious?
• ‘Expansion diff
Patterns of diseases, including the global distribution of malaria, HIV, TB, diabetes and CVD.
diseases to ne
Disease diffusion and spread to new areas e.g. Hägerstrand model.
1b) How do physical factors affect the prevalence of disease?
Global patterns of temperature, precipitation, relief and water sources and how these affect patterns of disease
Physical factors can influence vectors of disease such as the prevalence of mosquitoes in warm humid areas close to water sources.
How seasonal variations influence disease outbreaks such as periods of drought or monsoon rains. • Evaluate the re
Climate change provides the conditions for emerging infectious diseases to spread to new places and new hosts such as West Nile virus and tsetse fly.
The conditions for zoonotic infectious diseases such as bird flu or rabies to establish and spread from animals to humans.
1c) CASE STUDY - Haiti earthquake and the outbreak and spread of cholera
Environmental and human factors affecting the spread of cholera in Haiti
• Assess the imp
Impacts of cholera on resident populations
you have stud
Strategies used to minimise the impacts of cholera at national and international scales.
2a) Is there a link between disease and levels of economic development?
How rising standards of living, including access to food, clean water and sanitation, impact upon susceptibility to disease. • How far do yo
LIDCs have a higher prevalence for communicable diseases (diseases of poverty) and ACs have a higher prevalence for NCDs (diseases of affluence) . communicable
CASE STUDY - air pollution in China and the impact this has on the incidence of lung cancer. The global and national solutions in dealing with this. rises? (33)
3a) CASE STUDY - tuberculosis (communicable disease) in South Africa (EDC)
Environmental and human causes of TB in South Africa.
Prevalence, incidence and patterns of TB in South Africa. • Assess the imp
Socio-economic impacts of TB in South Africa. disease outbre
Direct and indirect strategies used by government and international agencies to mitigate against TB and respond to outbreaks.
3b) CASE STUDY - diabetes (non-communicable disease) in Mauritius (EDC)
Social, economic and cultural causes of diabetes in Mauritius. • ‘Communicabl
Prevalence, incidence and patterns of diabetes in Mauritius. diseases.’ Disc
Socio-economic impacts of diabetes in Mauritius. • Evaluate the s
diseases. (33)
Direct and indirect strategies used by government and international agencies to mitigate against diabetes in Mauritius.
4a) How does increasing global mobility impact the diffusion of diseases and ability to respond to it?
The role of international organisations (such as the WHO) in providing international strategies to combat disease.
, How can diseases be classified and their patterns mapped? (1
How can diseases be CLASSIFIED? Disease classification MATRIX
Key Term Definition
Health The overall condition of an individual at a given time in relation to physical well-being.
The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of
Epidemiology
diseases and other factors relating to health.
The broadest term – they are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, virus-
Infectious Disease – and pathogen (if appropriate)
es, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to
Non-infectious A non-communicable disease due to age, genetic defects e.g. cancer.
A class of infectious diseases which are easily spread by direct (such as sharing bodily fluids)
Contagious
or indirect contact between people (such as coughing).
Not spread by contact; usually require a special mode of transmission between persons or
Non-contagious Typhoid – bacterial infection
hosts such as vectors (mosquitoes) or by non-casual transfer of bodily fluid (such as blood
Yellow fever – viral infection spread by mosquitoes
An infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an
Communicable Ebola – viral infection
affected individual or the individual's discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector).
Malaria – parasites spread by mosquitoes
Also known as chronic diseases, they are not passed from person to person. They are of Leishmaniasis – parasites spread by sand flies
Non-communicable
long duration and generally slow progression. The 4 main types are cardiovascular diseases,
Rickets
A disease which exists permanently in a geographical area or population group. Examples Diabetes
Endemic
include sleeping sickness, confined to rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa.
Heart disease
An often sudden increase of a disease above what is normally expected in that population. Cancers
Epidemic
The disease attacks many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a Sleeping sickness – parasites spread by tsetse fly
Chagas disease – parasites spread by triatomine bu
An extensive epidemic – a pandemic is more widespread, affecting many countries or conti-
Pandemic HIV – viral infection causing damage to immune sys
nents.
Tuberculosis – bacterial infection
Are infectious diseases of animals such as rabies, plague and psittacosis, which can cause
Zoonotic diseases Cholera – bacterial infection
disease when transmitted from animals to humans.
Influenza – viral infection
Mortality Death – the term may also include a cause of death such as an injury or medical condition. Filariasis – parasitic worms spread by mosquitoes
Measles – viral infection
, How can diseases be classified and their patterns mapped? (2
The GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION of diseases
Disease CLASSIFICATION Global DISTRIBUTION NATURE of disease
• Infectious • Malaria is an infectious, non-contagious tropical disease. Malaria is caused
• Non-contagious parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infecte
• Communicable • The plasmodium parasite is spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes, whic
• Endemic -biting" mosquitoes because they most commonly bite between dusk and d
Malaria
bites a person already infected with malaria, it can also become infected an
on to other people. However, malaria can't be spread directly from person
• Once you're bitten, the parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the l
develops in the liver before re-entering the bloodstream and invading the r
parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells. Infected blood cells usua
hours. Each time they burst, you'll have a bout of fever, chills and sweating.
• Infectious • HIV is an infectious and contagious disease. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
• Contagious damages the cells in your immune system and weakens your ability to fight
• Communicable AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is when your immune system
• Endemic damaged by the HIV virus. Someone who has HIV is diagnosed as having AID
• Pandemic immune system cannot cope and they develop one or more particular infec
HIV
• HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person, including semen, vagin
blood, and breast milk. It's a fragile virus and doesn't survive outside the bo
be transmitted through sweat, urine or saliva. The most common way of ge
through having anal or vaginal sex without a condom. Other ways of getting
needles or transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or br
• Infectious • Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious and highly contagious disease. TB is cause
• Contagious Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most often affect the lungs. TB is spread
• Communicable person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, th
Tuberculosis
• Endemic germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to be
• About 1/3 of the world's population has latent TB, which means people hav
(TB)
TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the dis
with TB bacteria have a 10% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB.
• People with active TB can infect 10–15 other people through close contact
year. Without proper treatment, 45% of HIV-negative people with TB on av
HIV-positive people with TB will die.
• Non-infectious • Diabetes is a non-communicable disease. It is a lifelong condition that cause
• Non-contagious sugar level to become too high. There are two main types of diabetes: Type
• Non-communicable the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insu
diabetes (where the body doesn't produce enough insulin, or the body's ce
Diab
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