Praxis Exam 2022 Questions and Answers

A patient has recently sustained lower motor neuron damage to his/her trigeminal nerve (CN V) and is experiencing difficulty with mastication. Which of the following muscles could be experiencing deficits secondary to the nerve damage? - ANSWER Masseter Inspiration during quiet breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm that: - ANSWER Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease. A person places a hand on a hot surface and experiences the sensation of heat. The feeling of heat is conveyed up to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. In order for this information to be received in this cortical area, it must first travel up the spinal column via the: - ANSWER Anterolateral system. When forming the vowel /u/ in boot which muscle most likely contracts? - ANSWER Orbicularis Oris There are several parts of a neuron that are important in the transmission of neural signals throughout the body. Which of the following components is MOST important for receiving signals from other neurons? - ANSWER Dendrite The spinal column is organized with respect to motor/sensory function, as well as upper and lower extremities. Cell bodies of lower motor neurons that control movement of the legs are generally found in: - ANSWER Ventral horn of the spinal column Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in neural signals involved in motor movement. Lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra has been associated with disease processes such as Parkinson's disease. What BEST describes the role of dopamine on the basal ganglia circuits? - ANSWER The net result of dopamine release to direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia facilitates movement. A person has a vital capacity of 5 liters and exchanges half a liter of air when typically breathing at rest (tidal volume). The person takes the biggest breath possible and inspires 3 liters of air. What is the expiratory reserve volume? - ANSWER 1.5 liters If a patient has denervation of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), which deficit would most likely result? - ANSWER Reduced capacity for mastication Cranial nerves can include motor functions, sensory functions, or a mix of both. Which of the following cranial nerves serve both motor and sensory functions? - ANSWER CN 5 (Trigeminal), 4 (Trochlear), 10 (Vagus) A patient who is experiencing non fluent aphasia most likely have some degree of cortical damage and Broca's area. This brain region is in which lobe? - ANSWER Frontal During the transmission of an action potential, after a neuron has fired there is an absolute refractory period. This is a delay during which a neuron is unable to transmit further action potentials. This delay must expire before that neuron can fire again because: - ANSWER Voltage-gated sodium channels are periodically inactivated after opening. A person experiences weakness on the right side of the face resulting in a right facial droop. Initial evaluation suggests cranial nerve damage. If verified, which cranial nerve is most likely damaged? - ANSWER Facial Contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini will not occur during the production of which of the following sounds? - ANSWER /m/ When producing the voiceless fricative /f/, the muscle that MOST LIKELY contracts is the: - ANSWER Posterior cricoarytenoid Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that are important and sending neural signals between adjacent neurons. The best description of neurotransmitter release is that it: - ANSWER Excites or inhibits neighboring cells if it binds with a receptor and causes a channel opening. A patient presents to an acute care hospital, and imaging has revealed a hemorrhage localized to the left occipital lobe. Which deficit would MOST LIKELY result? - ANSWER Homonymous Hemianopia The telencephalon is the area of the brain that includes the cerebal hemispheres, and it receives its blood supply from a variety of different arteries. The artery that supplies most of the medial surfaces of the telencephalon is the: - ANSWER Anterior cerebral artery Following a motor vehicle accident, an individual is experiencing complete paralysis of the upper and lower extremities. An MRI scan reveals damage to the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal column. The lateral corticospinal tract is: - ANSWER Descending pathway that conveys motor signals that control movement of the arms and legs A person is experiencing ataxia. Which central nervous system structure is MOST LIKELY impaired? - ANSWER Cerebellum If a speaker has difficulty controlling vocal fold vibration, it is MOST LIKELY manifested by: - ANSWER voicing throughout the silence for /p/ Compared to voiced stops, word-initial voiceless stops in English are expected to have a: - ANSWER Longer VOT The speech-language pathologist wants to use acoustic measurements of /r/ to document a child's progress in producing the sound. The BEST measurement to make is the amount of movement in: - ANSWER F3 The frequency of a periodic sound is increased by 100 hertz. What effect would this change in frequency have on the wavelength of the sound? - ANSWER Decrease in the wavelength The pitch contour for a vowel shows several abrupt changes that the speech-language pathologist suspects may be inaccurate. The best way to objectively document accuracy or inaccuracy of the pitch contour is to: - ANSWER Look at the narrowband spectrogram to see if the harmonic contours show abrupt changes. The spectrum of a speaker's voice shows that H1 is 15 dB higher that H2 in amplitude. This MOST LIKELY indicates that the speaker has a: - ANSWER Breathy The pitch contour of a vowel shows that the pitch begins at 200 hertz (Hz). If the pitch contour is accurate, the period at the beginning of the vowel will be: - ANSWER .005 seconds T=1/f In order to accurately measure voice onset time (VOT) in a series of stop consonants, the speech-language pathologist should work from: - ANSWER Longer VOT What should the speech-language pathologist expect to observe if comparing amplitude spectra for a sinusoid and a periodic complex sound? - ANSWER The sinusoid has only one line, whereas the complex periodic sound has more than one line. The supralaryngeal vocal tract (SLVT) is a broadly tuned filter. This means that: - ANSWER inusoids will resonate if they are near a resonant frequency. If pitch contour for a vowel shows a frequency of 150 hertz (Hz) at the midpoint, the frequency of the fifth harmonic at the same location will be: - ANSWER 750 hz In examining a spectrogram of the phrase Say sheep produced by a male speaker, you notice that the lower limit of high-amplitude energy noise for both /s/ and / ʃ / is near 2500 hertz (Hz). This most likely indicates that: - ANSWER /s/ is being produced too far back in the mouth The center of gravity for a sibilant fricative is expected to be: - ANSWER off center in the spectrum In a narrowband spectrogram, the speech-language pathologist can see that the harmonic spacing becomes narrower throughout a vowel. When listening to the vowel, the SLP expects to hear that the vowel: - ANSWER Begins at a higher pitch and ends at a lower pitch. Two 150 hertz (Hz) sinusoids with a peak amplitude of 2 are added together. The sinusoids are 180 degrees out of phase. The resulting sound will be: - ANSWER 150 hz with a peak amplitude of 0.0 Tongue position is related to F1 frequency in that, when the tongue is: - ANSWER Low in the mouth, F1 is high Nasal consonants have a low-frequency nasal formant because the nasal cavity acts as: - ANSWER The largest resonating cavity, resulting in a low frequency F1. The speech-language pathologist is examining a spectrogram and a waveform for the initial sounds in a child's production of the word spaghetti. The waveform begins with a silence followed by a transient noise. In the spectrogram, the transient noise is followed by formants, then by high-amplitude, high frequency constant noise. When listening to the word, the SLP expects to hear that the child: - ANSWER metathesized /s/ and /p/ Which of the following is a homophenous pair? - ANSWER man-ban Obstruent sounds differ from resonant sounds in that obstruent sounds: - ANSWER always include an aperiodic sound source Content validity - ANSWER how well the test items measure the characteristics of behavior of interest Criterion validity - ANSWER How well the measure correlates with an outside criterion that is known to be a good indicator of the characteristic Construct validity - ANSWER How well the measure reflects a theoretical construct of the characteristic Research studies can either be ____ or ____ - ANSWER Quantitative or qualitative Quantitative research - ANSWER Data obtained using numerical measures 1. Experimental 2. Descriptive 3. Mixed Experimental-Descriptive Quantitative research - ANSWER Can involve groups or a single subect Between subjects design - ANSWER Involves comparison of 2 or more groups of subjects Within subjects design - ANSWER The behavior of the same subjects is studied under different conditions Define variance - ANSWER How far each score in the distribution varies from the mean score Standard deviation - ANSWER The average amount that all the scores in the distribution deviate from the mean. A small SD indicates more homogeneity. Kurtosis - ANSWER The general shape of the distribution of scores (peaks in relation to the tails in distribution) Fidelity - ANSWER The degree to which actual implementation of the treatment in the real world is consistent with the prototype treatment administered in the treatment study NOMS - ANSWER National Outcomes Measurement System -A one way to collect data on clinical outcomes in speech What was ASHA first called? - ANSWER 1925- the National Association of Teachers of Speech (NATS) American Speech Correction Association (ASCA) 1934 -Code of ethics 1935 Stuttering dates - ANSWER 1920s and 1930s - stuttering: Lee Travis, Wendell Johnson 1930s and 1940s - adult neurological disorders and motor speech 1943: childhood aphasia Early and mid 1940s: aphasia and hearing loss from war injuries Scope of practice - ANSWER -Speech sound production- artic, apraxia, dysarthria, ataxia & dyskinesia -Resonance -Voice -Fluency -Language comprehension and exprssion, literacy -Cognition -Feeding and swallow WHO ICF - ANSWER 1. Impairments of body functions and structures 2. Activity limitations 3. Participation restrictions 4. Barriers CCC - ANSWER Certificate of Clinical Competence To become an SLP - ANSWER 1. ASHA CCC 2. Complete supervised, postgraduate CF to 36 weeks of full time employment 3. Pass the PRAXIS 4. 30 hours of CEUS for every 3 year period Clinical experience during educational program of at least 375 direct contact hours ASHA - ANSWER -Rockville, MD -Vision: "Making effective communication a human right, accessible and achievable for all" - 5 philosophical concepts underlying ethical standards - ANSWER 1. Utilitarian approach: what action will do the most good and the least harm? 2. The rights approach: What action best respects the rights of all stake holders? 3. Fairness/justice 4. Common good 5. Virtue 3 components of the codes of ethics - ANSWER 1. Preamble- vision statement and audience 2. Principles 3. Rules- dos & donts Types of sanctions - ANSWER Reprimand- privately to the person Censure- public reprimand, published to the membership Revocation- for serious violations, membership can be revoked for a year, published Suspension- for serious violations but membership and certification are revoked for short period.. usually 6 months. Withholding- for clinical fellows in violation Cease and desist: may specify a particular action that must stop immediately The education for all handicapped children act of 1975 - ANSWER -FAPE -Protected by due process -Schools receive federal support -IEP -Speech therapy is a related service Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1990 - ANSWER -Gets rid of "handicap" -Adds categories of treatment for children- TBI & autism 2004 No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 - ANSWER -Highly qualified teachers -Use of acommodations, modificatios and alternative assessments -Assessment of ELL -Sanctions Evidence Based Practice - ANSWER 1. Evidence 2. Clinical expertise 3. Patient interests Full time CF - ANSWER -Minimum of 35 hours worked per week -1,260 hours throughout 36 week -18 hours of on site direct client observations and 18 other observation Who must adhere to the ASHA code of ethics? - ANSWER -Member of ASHA - certificate or not -Applicant for membership or certification -Clinical Fellow Principle of Ethics - ANSWER 1. Individuals shall honor their responsibility to hold paramount the welfare of persons they serve professionally or who are participants in research and scholarly activities, and they shall treat animals involved in research in a humane manner. 2. Honor their responsibility to achieve and maintain the highest level of professional competence & performance 3. Shall honor their responsibility to the public by promoting public understnaind go fthe professions by supporting the devleopment of services designed to fulfill the unmet needs of the public and by providing accurate info in all communications involving any aspect of the professions, including the dissemination of research findings and scholarly activities, and the promotion, marketinga nd advertising of products & services. 4. Individuals shall honor their responsibilities to the professions and their relationships with colleagues, students and members of other professions and disciplines. 3 dimensions of English consonants - ANSWER 1. Voicing 2. Place of articulation- where the sound is formed in the oral cavity 3. Manner of articulation Place of articulation - ANSWER Bilabial: b, p, m, w, wh Labiodental: f, v Interdental: "th" Alveolar: t, d, s, z, l, n Palatal: "ch" "j" "tch" "r" Velar: k, g, ng Glottal: h, ? Manner of articulation - ANSWER How the sound is FORMED 1. Stops- burst of air p, b, t, d, k, g 2. Nasals: COMPLETE ORAL CLOSURE but with velopharyn OPEN so air can travel through nasal cavity m, n, ng 3. Fricatives: sound produced with narrow constriction. Air escapes through constriction and makes continuous noise "th," s, z, f, v, sh, h, S (shoe) 4. Affricates: combination sound with a stop closure followed by fricative portion dz "jeep" tS "chip" 5. Liquids- vowel like Lateral: l Rhotic: /r/ 6. Glides or approximants j, w