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POPULATION, HEALTH & PLACESUMMARIES
Content
Lecture 1 – Introduction and Organization..........................................................................................................2
F. Billari (2015) – Integrating Macro- and Micro-Level Approaches in the Explanation of.............................2
Population........................................................................................................................................................2
Lecture 2 – Global Health Differences..................................................................................................................4
J.P. Ruger & H. J. Kim (2006)– Global Health Inequalities: an International Comparison...............................4
Lecture 3 – Fertility, Demographic Transition Model and Maternal Health........................................................4
Graham et al. (2016) - Diversity and divergence: the dynamic burden of poor.............................................4
maternal health...............................................................................................................................................4
Lecture 4 – Epidemiological Transition Theory and Changing Patterns of Diseases and Disease Risks..............5
J. Vallin & F. Meslé (2004) - Convergences and Divergences in Mortality. A New Approach to Health
Transition.........................................................................................................................................................5
Lecture 5 – Determinants of Population Health...................................................................................................6
C. Bambra (2007) - Going beyond The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: Regime Theory and Public
Health Research...............................................................................................................................................6
Lecture 6 – The Capability Approach to Health....................................................................................................8
Mchome et al. (2020) - “When I Breastfeed, It Feels as if my Soul Leaves the Body”: Maternal Capabilities
for Healthy Child Growth in Rural Southeastern Tanzania..............................................................................8
A. Sen (2003) – Development as Capability Expansion.................................................................................10
Lecture 7 – Nutrition Transition Theory.............................................................................................................14
B. M. Popkin (2002) – An Overview on the Nutrition Transition and its Health Implications: the Bellagio
Meeting..........................................................................................................................................................14
S. Visser & H. Haisma (2021) - Fulfilling food practices: Applying the capability approach to ethnographic
research in the Northern Netherlands..........................................................................................................16
Lecture 8 – Cultural Aspects of Health – Developing world...............................................................................20
Metta et al. (2015) – “In a Situation of Rescuing Life”: Meanings Given to Diabetes Symptoms and Care-
Seeking Practices Among Adults in Southeastern Tanzania: a Qualitative Inquiry.......................................20
N. Quinn (2011) - Event Sequencing as an Organizing Cultural Principle.....................................................23
Lecture 9 -Climate Change, Human Mobility and Health..................................................................................28
C. McMichael (2015) - Climate change-related Migration and Infectious Disease.......................................28
C. McMichael, J. Barnett, & A. J. McMichael (2012) - An III Wind? Climate Change, Migration, and Health
.......................................................................................................................................................................30
B. M. Ramin and A. J. McMichael (2009) – Climate Change and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case-
Based Perspective..........................................................................................................................................34
Lecture 10 – Reproductive Health Rights...........................................................................................................35
B. De Haas (2017)– Sexuality in Uganda........................................................................................................35
Lecture 11 – Ageing in Place..............................................................................................................................41
A. Boyle, J. L. Wiles & R. A. Kearns (2015) – Rethinking Ageing in Place: the ‘People and ‘place’ nexus.....41
Lecture 13 – Geography of Health and Wellbeing.............................................................................................44
D. Ballas (2013) – What makes a ‘happy city’?..............................................................................................44
1
,LECTURE 1 – INTRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATION
F. BILLARI (2015) – INTEGRATING MACRO- AND MICRO-LEVEL APPROACHES IN THE EXPLANATION
OF
POPULATION
This paper builds on current reflections on how to structure the study population change and
propose a two-stage perspective. The first stage, discovery, focuses on the production of novel
evidence at the population level. The second stage, explanation, develops accounts of demographic
change and tests how the action and interaction of individuals generate what is discovered in the
first stage. This explanatory stage also provides the foundation for the prediction of demographic
change. The transformation of micro-level actions and interactions into macro-level population
outcomes is identified as a key challenge for the second stage.
In the discovery stage, the production of demographic evidence is grounded in formal demographic
measurement, which at times might require spatial or temporal statistical modelling or both.
The second, explanatory stage, a micro-level ‘life course’ theoretical and empirical framework is
essential in order to explain what has been discovered.
The key challenge for the explanation stage is the aggregation of micro-level outcomes up to the
macro level op population change.
Is demography abandoning its ‘core’? And, if yes, is that really harmful?
Lee argues that the rise of “micro demography” can be explained by three key developments: the
growing availability of survey data; the development of new or better statistical methods for
analyzing such data; the increase in computing power and opportunities for data.
In the definition of key demographic issues, one should agree with Lee – if one wants to study
population change, the key issues need to be defined as ‘macro demographic’. The first stage of
demographic inquiry, discovery, should see as the ‘core’ of demography.
In the second stage, an explanation of how population change comes about has to be rooted in
models of the action and interaction of individuals, couples, and families, as embedded in their
macro level context. Discoveries provide the empirical target for the second stage, in the shape of a
set or pattern of demographic data.
The social mechanisms approach, the explanation of macro-level social change entails three parts:
situational mechanisms (the way through which the macro level is seen as affecting individual
outcomes), action-formation mechanisms (the way through which inter-individual processes affect
individual outcomes) and transformational mechanisms (the ways through which via the aggregation
of individual outcomes or interaction among individuals, macro-level outcomes are generated.
2
,The two-stage view of demography
Transformational (micro macro) mechanisms in demography
Mortality: The formidable improvement in survival triggered by the demographic transition and its
aftermath has contributed to a renewed interest in the determinants of age patterns of mortality
and their changes over time.
For each individual the ‘force’ of mortality µ, the instantaneous risk of dying at age x, is seen as a
function of the individual’s observed population group, I, her of his exact age x at time t, and his/her
unobserved frailty z, that is, the individual specific chance of dying.
Migration and spatial mobility
The idea that simulations do not provide insight for demography is at
variance with experience in neighboring disciplines, such as epidemiology and ecology. Moving to a
broader spatial scale, simulation models have so far been much less used to explain international
migration, but some recent studies has advocated a wider user of simulation models in the area.
Family and fertility
Demographic micro-simulations of conception and birth were developed as early as the mid-1960s.
Since then, micro-simulation models have been used to study the long-term consequences at the
population level of specific mortality and fertility rates for kinship.
Discussion
The discovery stage is macro-oriented (even if data originate from individual-level sources) and
corresponds to what several scholars insist is the ‘core’ of demography. The second stage, an
explanatory account based on mechanisms at the micro level should be built and tested, to show
how population change arises from individual behavior and interactions between individuals.
Implications for demographic research in general (if one accepts two-stage perspective): the
scientific study of population change should value both stages, and treat research in each of them as
‘core’ demography. A complete research program on population change, cannot limited to macro
and micro level only but also train researchers.
The way of studying population change advocated here requires of its practitioners the ability to deal
with a number of disciplines that provide behavioral models, such as economics, sociology,
psychology and biology.
3
, LECTURE 2 – GLOBAL HEALTH DIFFERENCES
J.P. RUGER & H. J. KIM (2006)– GLOBAL HEALTH INEQUALITIES: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
Objective: To study cross-national inequalities in mortality of adults and of children aged, 5 years
using a novel approach, with clustering techniques to stratify countries into mortality groups (better-
off, worse-off, mid-level) and to examine risk factors associated with inequality.
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of cross-national inequalities in adult and child
mortality to identify mortality groups (most healthy, least healthy, mid-level health) by cluster
analysis, and examine risk factors associated with inequality in mortality. We found that inequalities in
child and adult mortality are wide, are growing and are influenced by several economic, social and
health-sector variables. On average, groups of countries with high adult or under-five mortality also
had lower average incomes, more extreme poverty, lower levels of investment in human and physical
resources, higher inflation and less trade, less effective disease prevention, and worse
educational outcomes and health risk factors. Global health inequalities should be studied in
conjunction with levels of development and social and economic inequalities. Global efforts to
deal with inequalities in health require attention to the worse-off countries, geographic concentrations
and multidimensional approach to development. The widening inequality in both child and adults
mortality may reflect of growing gaps in living conditions and standards between geographical
areas and between rich and poor countries.
Some limitations:
- The definitions and methods underlying indicators can vary from country to country over time.
- Social indicators may refer to different years.
- Many statistical systems in developing economies are weak, which affects the availability, reliability
and margin of error.
- Inevitably high levels of correlations between variables.
- Numerous historical and political factors.
Inequalities in child and adult mortality are large, are growing, and are related to several economic,
social and health sector variables. Global efforts to deal with this problem require attention to the
worse-off countries, geographic concentrations, and adopt a multidimensional approach to
development. It is important to note, however, that global health policy focused on narrowing the
mortality gap between countries is not simply a matter of poverty reduction or development. It
requires a commitment to social justice.
LECTURE 3 – FERTILITY, DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL AND MATERNAL HEALTH
GRAHAM ET AL. (2016) - DIVERSITY AND DIVERGENCE: THE DYNAMIC BURDEN OF POOR
MATERNAL HEALTH
The burden of maternal mortality and morbidity is dynamic, with shifts in the magnitude, causes, and
distribution over time. The outcomes and care experiences of the estimated 210 million women who
were pregnant in 2015 were different from those at the turn of the millennium. Further differences will
be apparent for women who experience pregnancy at the end of the SDG period in 2030. Changes in
health status suggest considerable gains have been achieved for the world’s population overall.
However, these gains and the health rights implied have not been equitable between regions or
countries, as we specifically showed for maternal mortality, the most adverse outcome of pregnancy.
Increasing diversity in the levels and causes of maternal health problems between and within
populations presents a major challenge to policies and programmes aiming to match diverse needs
with diverse care across diverse settings. This diversity, in turn, contributes to divergence in the
magnitude of maternal mortality, seen most acutely in vulnerable populations and pre- dominantly in
4
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