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The Americas III Exam 1 (Weeks 1 - 7) Summary

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Een samenvatting over de eerste helft, dus de eerste 7 weken van het vak the Americas III. Het gaat om een tijdsperiode van , de periode van koloniale fundaties en ondekkingsreizen naar het Amerikaanse continent.

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Infos sur le Document

  • 16 janvier 2016
  • 29
  • 2015/2016
  • Resume

Sujets

  • the americas
  • samenvatting americas
  • amerikaanse geschiedenis
  • american history
  • the americas iii

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  • Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
  • American studies
  • The Americas III
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Summary the Americas III Exam
2
1 MAIN THEMES (COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS 1500 –
1700)

- Week 1: Colliding Worlds – Spain and the Americas in the Sixteenth
Century
- Week 2: Fish, Furs & Tobacco – The Beginnings of French and English
Settlement in North America
- Week 3: Spirit of Place – Religion and Identity in Seventeenth Century
New England
- Week 4: Diversity & Empire – The Middle Colonies
- Week 5: From the Caribbean to the Carolinas: Sugar, Rice and Slavery
- Week 6: Capital, Labor, and the Black Atlantic: The Rise of Slavery and
the Economy of Colonial America
- Week 7: Slavery in the Americas


1.1 EXAM INFORMATION

- Written exam
- 3 hours
- 2 parts
 2 synthetic essays in which the student makes insightful
connections between a range of historical events, sources, concepts
and ideas.
 Understand the big picture with connections between the
different subjects, basically explaining the Spanish, French,
English and the Dutch colonies and their connections and
differences


1.2 STUDY STRATEGY

- RESEARCH FACTS ON AUTHORS AND TEXTS ON WIKIPEDIA
- MAKE STUDY QUESTIONS ON NESTOR
- Read notes from seminars + slides from lectures
- Read LEP chapters partially + read primary source texts partially
- Make a summary from week 1 to week 7
 Main historical events of the periods (mention dates)
 Texts analysis’s of primary sources (mention quotes)


1.3 LIBERTY, EQUALITY & POWER

, - Relevant chapters in LEP: 1, 2, 3
- Relevant primary sources of weeks 1 – 7


2 WEEK 1 – COLLIDING WORLDS – SPAIN
AND THE AMERICAS IN THE SIXTEENTH
CENTURY


2.1 LECTURE

Adam Smith – “The Wealth of Nations”
- Written in 1776, same year as the Declaration of Independence
- Capitalism is based on the vice of greed, it is a necessity and good /
positive thing according to Smith
 Good for the “common wealth” of the nation
- “The discovery of America and the passage to the East Indies through
Cape of Good Hope were the most significant happenings / changes during
the history of mankind”
- Abbe Raynal (1713 – 1796)
 Wrote during 1780 if the discovery of America was actually so
important, and if so, why?
Foucault: “Origin lies at a place of inevitable loss”
- When a certain discourse is obscured and replaced by a new narrative
 Example: Europeans discovering the American continent and basically
replacing the Native Americans and their culture
- Historical discourse is the narrative that mankind linked to certain events
or “origins”
Discovery
- America most likely first colonized by Asian Homo sapiens who travelled
over the ice bridges / glaziers during the ice age. Many years later it was
discovered by Columbus
- Columbus was interested in the Venetian Marco Polo and his documented
travels along the Silk route through Asia in the 1200s, while meeting
great / famous historical figures such as the Mongolian Khan
Nation = a group of people who share a language, culture etc.
 Example: Frisians

State / Country = a region with recognized borders
Nation-state = . . .
Reconquista
- The Spanish and Portuguese re-conquest (1095 – 1492)

,  Re-conquest from the Muslims / Islamic states
 Same time ending (1492) as the discovery of America
 Link between Reconquista
Important to make and discovery of America
these links / is the development of
connections! ruling ambition and world
domination


- Spain, Portugal, England and the Netherlands were the first countries to
develop modern statehood, but also the first to colonize the Americas
 Important connection for the beginnings of the Americas
- Venice had a monopoly on trade and because of this monopoly, the
financial means to fund explorations such as the one by Columbus to go
discover a short route to India for better trading routes
 Originally there was no interest in the American continent, they
desperately wanted to find India for its highly profitable spices
- ...

, 2.2 SEMINAR

Spanish America
- Columbus projected his preceding knowledge of India on the American
continent when he “discovered” it
 European culture projected onto Native Americans

“On the Recently Discovered Islands of the Indian Sea” – Columbus
(1494)
- Since Venice had the monopoly on trade, because of this Spain and
Portugal got irritated and wanted to find their own trading route
 Looking for value in spices to fund their armies in European wars
- Columbus found gold and cotton instead of spices and exaggerates his
findings tremendously to collect more financial help from the Crown
 He projected what his King and other bosses wanted to see
 “deep waters, vast flowing rivers, dry land” perfect way to
describe a disease-free environment
- He pleases both the Crown and also the Church with “willing converts to
the Christian religion”

Seminar Information

- The discovery of America was only possible because of the ambition for
domination in the European continent
- The society (Spanish) in the New World was set up the exact same as the
hierarchical structure that was present in Spain itself, based on absolute
power
- The Spanish model of colonization was based on state structure and a
hierarchical system, while the British model was based on individual
business and more democracy (to a certain extent) which in the end was
more successful
“Second Letter to Charles V” – Cortes (1520)
- Cortes describes Mexico City (Temixtitlan) as an unbelievable city
comparing it to Spanish grandeur
- Present Cathedral in Mexico City literally placed on top of ancient temples
 See p. 11
 Replacing the current structure by their own in name of the Lord or the
King

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