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College-aantekeningen International Relations & Global Governance (2022)
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ToetsstofInternational Relations &
Global Governance
1
,Hoorcollege 1 Introduction
Main theoretical approaches International Relations and their meta theoretical
foundations. Theories as a glass that you put on, with different lenses, you see the
world as something different, how you can understand the phenomena:
➔ Realism, it emphasizes the role of the nation state and makes a broad
assumption that all nation states are motivated by national interests.
➔ Liberalism, a very big role among (tussen) states, with power, diplomacy, and
proper institutions, working together to maximize prosperity and minimize
conflict.
➔ Constructivism, norms and values and other significant aspects are very
important, so not the material factors, but more the socially and historically
constructed values and norms between states.
➔ English School, a society of states at national level with ideas and norms.
➔ Marxism, Critical Theory (classes of powerful relations, the west as the core
and everything around that is more the periphery, this is very unfair, and there
have to be a change)
➔ Post-structuralism (not talking about structures for the global order, the
private and the public and city and villages are not having big differences, it is
not well structured, everything has to do with each other)
Selected topical themes in world politics
➔ Global and regional international organizations, how they interact with each
other
➔ Global South in World Politics, the changing knowledges and different
interests, like the changing interests upcoming from China and Japan, new
powerful organisations etc.
➔ Democracy and Populism, how they differ and overlap, an extremely hot topic
at the moment, specifically populism, and the challenges for the government
➔ Gender and Race in International Relations, a masculine notion of human
nature and state powers. That as a notion.
Theory
➔ Theory is always for someone and for some purpose
➔ Different theories generate different valid claims about particular phenomena,
thus allowing for different ways of knowing
➔ Theory is a system of ideas, to understand, explain and interpret an object of
study, in this case that is about the international and the global perspectives
➔ Theories has also to do with powers. People who can publish, and who can
make theories, have the power to do that.
Scottish whisky as a metaphor for the basis of theories
Whisky is just taste. There is no good or wrong, and with theories that is also a lot.
Different types of knowledge:
➔ Practicing and producing whisky, then you need the expertise of it to make it.
➔ Whisky can have multiple elements, to be good or wrong. It has a reputations,
it is social, political, part of economic networks. Drinking with status, taste, or
as a tool for social gathering.
Political, economic elements, or neutral. It is very complex.
2
, Hoorcollege 2 Realism and Neorealism
Today
➔ Idealists versus realists
➔ Structural versus neorealism
➔ Neoclassical realism
➔ Criticism of realism
Historical roots of realism
➔ Realism is one way to see the political perspectives in the world. There
are a lot of other perspectives.
➔ Single perspectives: Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau, key raison
to ensure survival and self-help. They said a lot about city states.
➔ Terms of: morality, values, justice unimportant to analysis and conduct of
international relations, seeing the state as a moral force that permits domestic
ethical community to emerge. Might is right (macht heeft gelijk), in a world with
no universal standards. No morality or justice, victory means survival.
➔ Definition of realism: state of war, continual preparation for possible warfare,
dual immorality towards the state, only because of defending national
interests. Breaking room to develop moral and values. Notion that the
fundamental needs is about the state, the state as the legitimate place for
people. Inside interests, communities interests. What we think about the state
today is other than years ago. The notion of the state is very different than
1648. Different notions about the state than the original thinkers thought
about. Realists talk about the state.
➔ Statism, survival, self-help, less focus on morality, values, gives no basis or
guarantees. It is a measure in international politics as state (Westphalia ->
sovereignty) before state, city state (Greek). Collective group in one territory.
The notion of sovereignty is very important.
➔ Survival driving motivation of global anarchy, no guarantee of survival,
pursuit of power. You have great powers that are the biggest players and you
have military powers with a main focus on things like war, economy, cyber,
etc.
➔ International sphere niveous self help to protect and defend national
interests. Allies not guaranteed, bad friends.
➔ Realists look to the reality of the situation: like for instance: a small state
cannot do a lot, because of their lack of capacity to do something big. That is
the reality of that situation.
➔ In conflict with each other, only doing things for their own benefit,
because of the uncertainty and anarchy in the world. Starting a war is
okay, if it is helping your own state, your own situation.
Conclusion: realism is all about three important points:
➔ Statism, definition: the idea that a collective group of citizens of a given
territory is the fundamental unit of international politics
➔ Survival, definition: the private concern, the driving motivation in policy. The
international area is not chaotic, but there is a lack of a central hierarchic
system. Realists are looking to powerful, military powers, in a world of cyber
warfare, terrorism, etc. but not only through wars, but also economic
sanctions, realists are looking to all kind of sanctions. The great powers.
3
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