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College aantekeningen EU Governance In An International Context (S_EUGIC)
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Toetsstof EU Governance1
,Hoorcollege 1
History of European integration
Before and during the World War
➔ Nation states versus Europe. They were traveling between Rome, Berlin,
London, like within a single country. There is an unity at some point in Europe,
shift travelling should bet be the same as shifting from Berlin to Rome. Taken
for granted nowadays. But not any European citizen was able to shift to other
states with the access for the thing in there. The idea that these shifting were
possible, was in the past not taken for granted.
➔ The United States of America – federalism. An Unified federal state,
building on institutions of the founding fathers. If European leaders could be
the founding fathers of the United States of Europe, than this could be the
global power.
➔ After the World War one: a pan European federation the pan Europe
movement, should strive for a federal state of European (the American States
of Europe as an ideal, linked to the idealist movement). World War two, the
war to end all wars with the Pan Europe Movement, a transnational movement
in Europe during the second World War, named the Resistance during the
Nazi Germany (one big leader with an united front).
➔ Resistance against Nazi-Germany, one particular book by the Italian working
peace system with David Mitrany as functionalism. One generation facing
two world wars (the one and the second). There had to be a way to stop all the
wars, and in this suggestion (Functionalism) there was a peace system build
up with taking functions of daily life to stop the wars and conflicts. Make all
states technically independent to each other, functionally, so that they cannot
make war with and to each other. Making a world peace system, he says. Do
not do this Europe only, other states have to take with them: so, making a
global peace system. Stop European states with making conflicts, he says.
Wont have world wars, because of the Europeans (because they are massive
and have colonies around the world). A war with European states is a global
war, because al these colonies around the world etc.
After the second World War
➔ 1946: Churchill was speeching about that we must build a kind of United
States of Europe. He putts the United Kingdom out of it. Great Britain is not
an European state, he says, so that is why he do not want that country into
this peace building. The UK is not an European state, it is a global power, he
says. A global power, nowadays indeed the same discourse)
➔ 1947 (March): Treaty of Dunkirk signed, Duinkerk, in France. To unify Britain
with France to stop Germany. To balance out Germany, for a stability in the
world with peace making processes. The fear of Germany. So, not a fear
about the Soviet Union, but about Nazi Germany, therefore the Treaty of
Dunkirk. To unite all the states (UK and France) against the forces of
Germany. How to cooperate for some goals, a political push coming in in this
time.
➔ 1948: organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
established
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, ➔ 1948: Congress of Europe in The Hague. The Hague Congress, coming up
with certain ideas that there has to be an established money, army
components. Coming up with a federal state. Overcoming the nation state of
Europe to be able to build peace in Europe. A nationalist rivalry within these
wars, that is why they have thoughts about building a federal state. Under
chairmanship of Winston Churchill. Three objectives: 1) to demonstrate the
existence of a body of public opinion in support of European unity, 2) to
discuss the challenges posed by European unity and propose practical
solutions to governments and 3) to give new impetus to the international
publicity campaign. Institutions that were suggested at the Congress, so, the
four suggestions: European Centre for Culture, 2) College of Europe, 3)
Council of Europe and 4) European Convention on Human Rights. Quote
from Churchill: men will be proud to say, I am an European.
➔ 1948: Berlin Blockade, Soviets locating Berlin, because the Western allies
decided to reform and coming up with agreements, the Soviets were
occupying the Germans and coming to the city of Berlin. The new threat: the
Soviets. So, no longer only the Nazi Germans, but now also the Soviets, that
they could come to our cities, into our states. Soviets as the new threat, as the
perception.
➔ 1948: Treaty of Brussels signed, against the German threat again. The
Benelux agreed with France and UK with this treaty.
➔ 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) signed, against the
Soviet threat.
➔ 1949: Statue of the Council of Europe signed. With the whole idea of a
European Court of Human Rights.
➔ 1950: drafting European Convention of Human Rights.
➔ 1953: European Convention of Human Rights is entered into force, with the
convention of Human Rights, right down the rights, establish to court. A
separate international organisation.
Founding of the European Communities
➔ 1950: Schuman Declaration, a French initiative, the 9th of May.
➔ 1951: Paris Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) signed with 1) France, 2) West Germany, 3) Italy, 4) the Netherlands,
5) Belgium and 6) Luxembourg. If you take the elements for the production of
steel out of the hands of war makers, to a higher identity, so that neither of
these states can use it for war industry, we can prevent those countries of
making a war. Within the Schuman Declaration. The UK was not part of
Europe, so was not taking into this declaration. Why these six countries? The
logic at that time: France wants to take coal and stale from the Germany
hands, they do not wanted to have allies, the Germans, so that is why they
sea yes to it. Italy wanted to take place into these peace programs. Benelux
wanted to take place of it, because these three countries have the territory
were the wars/conflicts earlier have taken place, they were occupied by the
Germans.
➔ 1952: European Defence Community (EDC) signed. 1954: EDC is rejected
by the French Parliament, because of their sovereignty, they do not wanted
to have German people in their army. The German government realised the
feeling of fear, they wanted to be no threat, but part of the European defence
against the Soviets, joining NATO. There was the desire to create a European
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, political community. The European states will never agree to given up their
national armies, also nowadays, national armies jointly defending Europe, but
none wants to give up their national army.
➔ 1953: Draft Treaty for a European Political Community (EPC) adopted,
linked to the EDC, when this failed, so did the EPC.
➔ 1954: Western European Union (WEA) established.
➔ 1955: West German accession to NATO. To launch a project against the
Soviets.
➔ 1957: Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community
(EEC). Creating a liberal common market, so that they can have a bigger
market for the European industry, etc. The common market starts with saying
‘joining for a unity of diversity’. The European community created for a every
closer union, not a federal state, every closer union, among the peoples of
Europe, so not touching the states or federalism. The F-world in European
politics is federalism. Among European peoples, so not about states or
federalism. And the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
signed.
➔ 1958: Establishing European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and
EEC.
➔ 1959: European Free Trade Association (EFTA) established from the UK.
The United Kingdom has made the European Free Trade Association, to
cooperate, communicate and trade with them. Like Ireland, Austria, Sweden,
Finland, Norway, Iceland, the Nordic/Scandinavian countries, and do not trust
France and Germany. The common markets and free trades against each
other: common market versus free trades, we see in there. They want an ever
closer union, the Europeans. EEC from the inner Six against the outer
seven from the UK.
Years of Crisis
➔ 1963 Elysée Treaty on Franco-German Friendship and Reconciliation signed.
So, by France and Germany. Aiming two points: 1) message of reconciliation
(verzoening) and 2) groundwork for bilateral cooperation to support European
integration. Follow up: 2019 Aachen Treaty, also by France and Germany,
aiming also two points: 1) renew message of reconciliation and 2) strengthen
bilateral cooperation.
➔ 1963 Membership application of the UK, and Denmark, Ireland and
Norway. The UK was rejected twice by French President De Gaulle, only the
United Kingdom was taking out for some rules. Norway voted against joining in
a referendum in 1972. France as the main leader in Europe when we speak
about integration and culture interests.
➔ 1965 Empty Chair Crisis begins. A proposal was drawn up for financing the
common agricultural policy. France announced its intention not to take a seat
in the Council of Ministers until it had its way, boycotting the Community. But,
in 1966 the Luxembourgish Prime Minister proposed a compromise.
➔ 1966 Luxembourg Compromise ends the Empty Chair Crisis. The
compromise gives states a de facto veto over Council decisions. The
Compromise is still available to be used. Veto: een vetorecht is het recht van
een natuurlijk of rechtspersoon om een besluit dat met meerderheid van
stemmen is genomen, te verbieden. Als het vetorecht wordt uitgeoefend,
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