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Grondslagen van de Klinische en Gezondheidspsychologie Samenvatting (Reeve - Understanding Motivation and Emotion)

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Samenvatting van het boek Understanding Motivation and Emotion, gebruikt bij het vak Grondslagen van de Klinische en Gezondheidspsychologie aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Ook hoorcollege aantekeningen zijn in de samenvatting opgenomen. In de samenvatting zijn ook de volgende artikelen als verplichte literatuur voor het vak opgenomen: Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent costs for expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237. Sheppes, G. & Meiran, N. (2008). Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction. Emotion, 8, 870-874. Plante, T.G. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology. New York: Wiley. Hoofdstuk 3. Recent history of clinical psychology (p. 49-72). Lambert, M.J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In: M.J. Lambert (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 169-218). Hoboken New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917-927. Mann, T., De Ridder, D.T.D., & Fujita, K. (2013). Self-regulation of health behavior: Social psychological approaches to goal setting and goal striving. Health Psychology, 32, 487-498. Brewin, C.R. (2006). Understanding cognitive-behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 765-784. Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010). Feelings change : Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, . Tanaka-Matsumi, J. (2011). Culture and psychotherapy: searching for an empirically supported relationship. In: K.D. Keith (Ed.), Cross-cultural psychology: Contemporary themes and perspectives (pp. 274-293). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28. Shorey, H.S. & Snyder, C.R. (2006). The role of adult attachment styles in psychopathology and psychotherapy outcomes. Review of General Psychology, 10, 1-20.

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Grondslagen van de Klinische en
Gezondheidspsychologie
Samenvatting
Emoties en emotieregulatie H12, H13, H14, Gross (1998), Sheppes & Meiran (2008)
Wat zijn emoties?
Emoties is niet stress.
Stress= adaptieve, psychobiologische alarmreactie.
 Functioneel mechanisme: helpt om eisen, uitdagingen en bedreigingen het hoofd te bieden.
 Stress is pas schadelijk als het chronisch of zeer hevig is.
Emoties = multi-componentieel proces met als meest centrale componenten:
1. Gevoelens -> subjectieve ervaring
2. Lichamelijke reactie
3. Expressie, gedrag -> communicatie
 Elke emotie heeft een specifiek patroon




Robert Levenson: “Emoties zijn kortdurende, psychologisch-fysiologische fenomenen die een
efficiënte manier van adaptatie aan veranderende omgevingseisen representeren.”

Biologische aspecten van emotie
3 belangrijke biologische aspecten: autonome zenuwstelsel, breincircuits en facial feedback.
Autonome zenuwstelsel:
 James-Lange Theorie: Stimulus  Perceptie  Arousal  Emotie
 Klopt niet:
- Slechts een aantal basis emoties hebben een specifiek arousal (AZS) patroon
- Wanneer je fysiologie platlegt, kun je nog steeds emoties ervaren
- Proces gaat veel langzamer dan de snelheid waarmee we emoties kunnen benoemen.
 Cannon-Bard Theorie: Stimulus  Perceptie  Emotie  Arousal
 Klopt niet: adrenaline vs. placebo experiment
 Schachter-Singer Twee-Factoren Theorie: Stimulus  Arousal + Perceptie  Emotie
 Belang van sociale situatie (brug-experiment)

, Subcorticale breincircuits: Gray: Drie verschillende neuronale circuits, die onderscheidend patroon
van emotiegedrag reguleren.
1. Behavioral Approach System (BAS)
2. Fight-or-flight system
3. Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
 Liggen ten grondslag aan de emoties plezier, vrees, woede en angst.
Facial feedback hypothese (FFH) = het subjectieve aspect van emotie stamt uit gevoelens die
worden verwerkt door (1) beweging van gezichtsspieren, (2) veranderingen in gezichtstemperatuur
en (3) veranderingen in zweetklier activiteit in de huid van het gezicht  emotie is het bewustzijn
van proprioceptieve feedback van gezichtsgedrag.
 Meer overeenstemming over ‘zwakkere’ versie van FFH = facial feedback modificeert de
intensiteit (i.p.v. oorzaak) van de emotie.
 Interne/externe gebeurtenis  snelheid van neuronaal ‘vuren’  limbisch systeem  impulsen
vanuit motorcortex naar gezicht  gezichtszenuw (cranial nerve VII)  actie in het gezicht 
trigeminale zenuw (cranial nerve V)  ontvangen van gezichtsactie informatie in sensorische
cortex  corticale integratie van facial feedback informatie  limbisch systeem, etc.
 8 belangrijke gezichtsspieren, die bijdragen aan unieke gezichtsuitdrukkingen bij basale emoties.




 Mensen vertonen gelijkende gezichtsuitdrukking ondanks verschillende culturen -> bewijs dat
sommige gezichtsuitdrukkingen aangeboren zijn.

Cognitieve aspecten van emotie
3 belangrijke cognitieve aspecten: appraisal, kennis en attributies.
Appraisal (waardering) = cognitief proces dat de significantie van omgevingsgebeurtenissen
evalueert in termen van eigen welbevinden  veroorzaakt veranderingen in elk aspect van emotie.
 4 centrale aannamen:
- Zonder cognitieve waardering van een gebeurtenis, ontstaat geen emotie
- De waarderingen, niet de gebeurtenis zelf, veroorzaakt een emotie
- Emotie is een proces
- Wanneer de waardering verandert, verandert de emotie, zelfs als de situatie niet verandert.
 Subcorticale brein (m.n. amygdala) is centraal in het waarderen van emotionele significantie.
 Ontwikkeling van soorten appraisals:

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Summarized whole book?
No
Which chapters are summarized?
H4, h5, h6, h7, h8, h9, h10, h11, h12, h13, h14, h15
Uploaded on
January 16, 2016
File latest updated on
February 25, 2016
Number of pages
54
Written in
2014/2015
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