NURS 548: Patho Midterm Questions and Answers Latest updated,100% CORRECT
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NURS 548
NURS 548: Patho Midterm Questions and Answers Latest updated
Apoptosis
● Cell death
● They do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells consistent
Cell Cycle- Which category does the cell fit into?
● Labile Cell
○ These cells must divide continually to replace cells th...
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NURS 548: Patho Midterm Questions and Answers Latest
updated
Apoptosis
● Cell death
● They do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells consistent
Cell Cycle- Which category does the cell fit into?
● Labile Cell
○ These cells must divide continually to replace cells that are
constantlybeing depleted by normal processes.
○ Never in the G-0 phase (M-phase).
○ Constantly going through cell cycle
● Permanent Cell
○ Cells that cannot undergo mitosis.
○ Stuck in the G-0 phase
○ hypertrophy but no hyperplasia
● Stable Cell
○ Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the
needarises.
○ Also in the G-0 phase but can reenter the cell cycle.
○ Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
Proto-Oncogenesis- Generalized question
● normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular
processes,they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these
cells result in oncogenes
○ Growth factors
○ Growth factor receptors
○ G proteins
○ Enzymes that produce second messengers
○ Genes that turn the production of these proteins on and off
● A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene
that cancontribute to cancer. Proto-oncogenes may have many different
functions in the cell. Some proto-oncogenes provide signals that lead to cell
division. Other proto-oncogenes regulate programmed cell death
(apoptosis).
● The defective versions of proto-oncogenes, known as oncogenes, can
cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. This growth can occur in
the absence of normal growth signals such as those provided by growth
, factors. A key feature ofoncogene activity is that a single altered copy leads
to unregulated growth.
Oncogenesis- What occurs at each stage?
● Formation of cancer cells.
● Initiation: initial mutation occurs
● Carcinogenic agent (chemicals, radiation, viruses), DNA damage
and cellmutation lead to mutated cells
, ● Promotion: mutated cells are stimulated to divide
○ Activation of oncogenes by promoter agent
● Progression: tumor cells compete with one another and develop more
mutationswhich make them more aggressive
○ Malignant tumor
Naming Scheme for Tumors- identify if benign or malignant and originating tissue
● Benign Tumors: Tissue + “oma”
○ Fibroma: connective tissue
○ Lipoma: slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and
musclelayer
○ Osteoma: tumor of the bone
○ Papilloma: epithelial tumor
● Malignant Tumors (cancers)
○ Epithelial tissue: tissue name + “carcinoma”
■ Squamous cell carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma
○ Mesenchymal tissue: tissue name + “sarcoma”
■ Fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, osteosarcoma
Acute Inflammation- Primary function of prostaglandins and leukotrienes effects
onblood vessels
● Primary function of prostaglandins in vascular stage of inflammation
○ build and repair tissues and structures
○ Prostaglandins increase the effects of other substances that
promotevascular permeability.
○ prostaglandins are associated with the pain and fever of inflammation.
● Primary function of leukotrienes in vascular stage of inflammation
○ Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid, as are the
leukotrienes, another group of chemical mediators that have
vasoactiveproperties.
● These products are both potent vasodilator and hyperalgesic agents and
sincethey have been detected at sites of inflammation it is believed that
they contribute to erythema, oedema and pain which are characteristic
of the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin E2 is also a power
Kinds of Exudate- given characteristic, identify type
● Serous:clear fluid that seeps out of the tissues.
● Hemorrhagic: Bloody Contains blood, indicates bleeding;
composed oferythrocytes
● Fibrinous: Contains fibrin
● Membranous: mucous membrane surfaces i.e thrush(oral cavity,
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