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gehele samenvatting institutional and societal chanfe
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Samenvatting van 36 pagina's voor het vak Social And Institutional Change aan de RuG (NL & ENG)
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Samenvatting institutional andsocietal change
,Sessie 1: introductie
Bullshit.
Sessie 2: micro-macro probleem
Comte was vader van sociologie, maar zijn contributie is gelimiteerd-> studie van dynamiek van
samenleving, maar zonder wetenschappelijke methodologie. Durkheim zag sociologie als studie van
sociaal feit.->
Feit dat laat zien dat er een externe
belemmering op het individu legt en heeft
eigen bestaan in samenleving.
Samenleving is niet simpelweg alle
individuen, maar een beweging op zichzelf (meer dan de som). Dat jij niet gescheiden bent houdt niet
in dat in de samenleving de scheidingsnummers niet hoog zijn. Een macro fenomeen of sociaal feit
zijn de collectieven van individuelen ipv de individuen. Ze houden ook alle belemmeringen en
structuren van het sociale gedrag in (normen). Hierom hebben we naast psychologie ook Sociologie
nodig.
Durkheim is een structuralist en vindt dat collectieve fenomenen uitleggen met andere collectieve
fenomenen-> .
Structural individualistic research program (sip)
onderzoekt dit. Deze wil collectieve fenomenen echter
uitleggen vanaf een individueel niveau.-> Coleman
boat->
Kritiek:
- representatieve agent approach: niet iedereen
zou hetzelfde gaan doen.
- Geen interactie (isolatie).
Verschil met durkheim: samenleving wordt som, en er zijn hier geen afhankelijkheden. De
afhankelijkheden zijn volgens Durkheim erg belangrijk. Er zijn ook onbedoelde gevolgen op collectief
niveau dankzij het gedrag van individuen (emergence). Voorbeeld: etnische segregratie. Schelling->
schematische game.
Verplicht artikel: reading Dillon, M. (2014) Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts,
and their Applicability to 21st Century (2nd Ed.). Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 2
Alternatieve samenvatting: Dillon, M. (2014) Introduction to Sociological Theory: Theorists, Concepts,
and their Applicability to 21st Century (2nd Ed.). Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 2.
(studeersnel.nl)
DURKHEIM’S METHODOLOGICAL RULES
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samenvatting
,How, as sociologists, should we scientifically study social facts? According to Durkheim, “the first and
most basic rule is to consider social facts as things”->objectiviteit. Fenomenen afbakenen-
>sociologische objectiviteit; iets hoort erbij of niet afhankelijk van de variabele en indicator.
Morality zijn de sociale regels. Social solidarity emerges from social rules and other social structures
(social institutions) because these structures bind individuals to other individuals and to the larger
society; thus “morality consists in solidarity with the group, and varies according to that solidarity”.
Wederkerigheid is erg belangrijk bij de socialisatie. Social cohesion comes from individuals’ ties to
others; our sense of social belonging comes from our ties to other people and to thegroups of which
we are a part. Sociale verandering gaat niet zonder tegenstribbeling. Traditional (pre-industrial or
agricultural) societies and communities tend to be characterized by sameness, by the similarities that
exist among people->collectieve bewustzijn->mechanische solidariteit. Bij een moderne
maatschappij is mobilisatie en diversiteit het kernconcept. Yet, despite the individual freedom and
the mobility, diversity, and weaker collective feelings that characterize modern society, there is still
social cohesion because division of labour
(specialisatie). Wederkerigheid veranderd in
een vorm van afhankelijkheid->organische
solidariteit. Contract certainly matters; it
formally regulates social relationships and
behavior in all sorts of ways. If they get broken
there are rules. Ze zijn een uiting van sociale
moraliteit.
Zelfmoord is een sociaalfeit. ALTRUISTIC SUICIDE: In traditional societies or communities, suicide can
occur as result of individuals’ excessively tight relation to, or absorption by, the community.
integration, individuals are so closely oriented to fulfilling the expectations of the community or
group that suicide becomes the obligatory honorable option when they fail to meet those
expectations. EGOISTIC SUICIDE, refers to suicide under social conditions in which individuals are
excessively self-oriented, and hence only very loosely bound to other individuals and social groups-
may lack the social constraints, the social attachments, that can protect against suicide. The Catholic
church is much more socially constraining of the individual than is Protestantism. Catholicism, by
contrast, embeds the individual Catholic in layered church relationships and practices that require
the individual’s integration (communion) with theCatholic collectivity, and by extension, the social
integration that more strongly buffers against suicide. Although the egoistic individualism of modern
society can weaken our ties to others, socialupheaval produces anomic conditions that can also
disrupt the individual’s bond withsociety, producing what Durkheim calls ANOMIC SUICIDE.- grote
veranderingen: milieu, economie. Alhoewel zelfmoord een sociaalfeit is kan een grote hoeveelheid
abnormaliteiten aanduiden. Anomie kan ook voor cohesie zorgen (oorlog).
The sacred is all things “set apart” (sanctified), and whose devaluing is prohibited. The collectivity,
society, requires us to have a certain reverential attitude toward them, and if some individuals do not
partake in worshipping the sacred things in a particular community, this detaches the individual from
the community. “Religious phenomena fall quite naturally into two basic categories: beliefs and rites.
The first are states of opinion and consist of representations [symbols]; the second are fixed modes
of actions [specific practices]”. the sacred is present in each and every collective assembly. Science
provides knowledge, but religion provides action – the moral remaking.
, Points to remember
Glossary
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