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5042NEGE6Y Samenvatting Hoorcolleges Neurobiologie en Gedrag Biologie jaar 2 UvA
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SMV HC NEUROBIO1: Observationele gedragsbiologie
Non-invasive observational approach: (Study cognition in the wild)
A-priori design: (You do this before starting the study)
Kort:
- select study species,
- identify crucial situations,
- identify alternative explanations (record variables or behaviors that can exclude alternative
explanations),
- enlarge detection probability of the ability of interest (record a suits of behaviors that can exhibit the
same cognitive skill, record non-events (conduct quasi experiments), record variables that allow for
testing of conditional decision making (interactive efffects)
Lang:
1. Select a study species (reliable, observable, well-studied). Not an animal that hides all day or you
can’t find back the next day. Primates for example have their territory so you can find them back
+ you can recognize them. It helps if you know what an animal likes to eat or where it likes to
hang out.
2. Identify crucial situations (determine whether the animal will likely benefit from using cognitive
skills). When you study an animal you don’t know when it will use cognitive skills, when they are
challenged for example.
➔ Think about the evolutionary function of cognitive skill.
➔ What are the challenges this animal faces?
For example: Great apes use knuckle walking → more energy used than monkeys who use
quadrupedal locomotion.
Great apes lack dietary adaptions that monkeys have. Some monkeys can eat toxic
leaves/seeds but apes rely on ripe fruits and easily digested leaves (not easy to find). Very
few trees have enough ripe fruits to feed chimpanzees. Their challenge is not to find food
plants but to find plants that produce enough food to eat.
Many great apes are extinct. Why did a few survive? → larger brains / less seasonality in
their net energy intake. “cognitive behavioral flexibility”. They might have cognitive
mechanisms that help them find food and extract it. Animals use for example fruiting
synchrony (discovery of one tree is indicator for the presence of other trees of the same
species). In a rain forest not all trees produce fruit at the same time.
Do chimpanzees use intuitive statistics/probabilistic reasoning to gain knowledge on the
differences in synchrony levels. Do they know which trees are ripe at the same time and
which aren’t.
➔ Food discovery / monitoring skills = a challenge to study.
,3. Identify alternative explanations and observational control.
Record variables or behaviors that can exclude alternative explanations. (for example if they
could just see or smell the other trees, it doesn’t have to do with cognitive reasoning).
5 primates were followed : empty trees that they inspected were analyzed (why would they look
at these trees? What were their expectations?) = observational control.
➔ Inspection probability : Proportion of times that the chimpanzee inspects an empty tree the
same day or the day after feeding on fruit of the same species. You need to know the
synchrony level of the trees and then these two variables can be plotted against each other
→ correlation found. → generalized linear mixed model (density out of the equation) →
evidence suggests that chimpanzees do use intuitive statistics.
4. Enlarge detection probability of the ability of interest.
- Record a suite of behaviors that can exhibit the same cognitive skill. How can you infer from
behavior that an animal remembers the location? They go straight/fast/suddenly change
direction. There is a revisit probability.
- Record non-events (conduct quasi-experiments). Look at what they don’t do. Register what
happens in the surrounding (what trees do they not visit). Sample the context prior to the
start of observations. Is the natural context information decisive of whether events or non-
events occur? → to for example calculate inspection probability.
Example: if chimpanzees discover fruit on a mango tree → do they inspect all other trees of
the same species or only some. Some trees produce trees more reliably than others. It pays
to differentiate between individual trees → you could inspect only the trees that are likely to
have lots of fruits.
Pre-sample can be knowing which trees a primate feeds on. After two years of pre sampling
you start observing where she goes and which trees she inspects when she’s nearby. She is
more likely to inspect a tree if she’s familiar with it.
Conclusion : wild chimpanzees use an across-seasonal or year long memory when they
monitor fruit trees). Fruit discovery triggered flexible anticipations of fruit finding in
particular species and tree individuals.
Food relocation skills :
What is the extent of the planning abilities of wild chimpanzees when they relocate food?
When does planning provide benefit in the wild → inter-specific scramble competition.
Some trees are more sought after than others.
Small fruits and figs are more popular. Chimpanzees leave their sleeping nest earlier to eat
ripe figs and small fruit. Huge amount of variation.
What predicts departure times? (fruit size, fig distance, number of adult males, relative
energy balance, night temperature, rain at nest). They leave earlier when they are far away
from the popular figs so they arrive at the same time. For less popular fruits they stay in bed
longer when they’re far away because there is less competition and the journey is dangerous
to make in the dark.
Do they adjust their nest location for their breakfast type?
What does a primate only do in certain conditions.
5. Statistical control
,Generalized linear mixed models : Uses all the samples.
2 : Tinberger’s Waarom vragen , optimaliteitstheorie en optimaal
foerageren
Gedragsecologie: (kijkt naar diergedrag vanuit een evolutionair perspectief, zowel in het lab als in het
veld)
❖ Evolutionaire ecologie van diergedrag
❖ Optimaliteitstheorie
❖ Speltheorie
❖ Altruïsme
❖ Seksuele selectie
Wat is gedrag?
All observable processes by which an animal responds to perceived changes in the
internal state of its body or in the external world
Gedrag is een dynamische reactie op een verandering. Alles wat je aan dieren kan observeren over hoe
het dier reageert op veranderingen in de wereld om hem heen en de interne staat van zijn lichaam
(honger). Zonder verandering geen gedrag.
Waarom is gedrag interessant?
❖ Iedereen observeert het
o Je houdt je bezig met wat anderen doen
o Je doet het de hele tijd, duidelijk in ons sociale gedrag. Ons gedrag hangt af van anderen.
❖ Mechanistisch inzicht
o Je kan gedrag bij andere dieren verklaren
, o Door bv zenuwprikkels
o Kikker springt → zenuwprikkels vanuit brein die spieren aanspannen.
❖ Tegen-intuïtieve verklaringen:
o Verrassend, vooral als we ons niet bewust zijn van wat we doen
o Het tegenovergestelde van wat je verwacht gebeurt
o Als je fietst en je gaat om de bocht naar links dan moet je altijd eerst een beetje naar
rechts, anders val je om.
o Bv Slimme Hans : Paard kon zogenaamd tellen maar het keek eigenlijk naar de
instructeur om te weten wanneer hij moest stoppen met stampen.
o Experiment : persoon wisselen midden op straat zonder dat iemand het doorheeft door
manipulatie → ze moeten je gezicht niet zien (kaart voor gezicht) & het gesprek moet
gewoon doorgaan.
Tinbergen’s 4 “Waarom” vragen
Manieren om vragen te beantwoorden in termen van:
❖ Functie
o Leidt het tot hogere fitness?
❖ Causatie (oorzaak-gevolg)
o Wat is de oorzaak, hoe wordt het bepaald?
❖ Ontwikkeling
o Is het instinctief of aangeleerd?
❖ Evolutionaire historie
o Is dit ook aan de hand bij zuster-taxa
Je kan er van meerdere kanten naar kijken dus meerdere mensen kunnen een ander juist antwoord
geven.
VB: de Tapuit (wheatear) migreert van het Noordelijk halfrond naar het zuiden (Sahara) om daar te
overwinteren
Functie : waarom leidt migratie tot hogere fitness?
Causatie: hoe bepaalt de tapuit te vertrekken? Wat is de oorzaak? (misschien lengte van de nacht?
Zoeken naar cues)
Ontwikkeling: Is migratie gedrag aangeleerd of instinctief? Vliegen jonge vogels eerst mee met hun
moeders?
Evolutionair: Migratie ook bij zuster taxa? Fylogenetisch onderzoek, kwam dit gedrag eerder al tot stand.
VB2: Kreeften lopen in rijen van 1 → “reduces drag of the water”
= categorie : functie
Evolutionaire kant van gedragsbiologie
❖ Ultimate, functionele verklaring van gedrag (maar gedrag fossiliseert niet!)
o Moet je observeren, kan niet getoetst worden in het verleden
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