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Samenvatting ethologie
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2021-2022SAMENVATTING ETHOLOGIE
1042FBDDIE
CÉLINE DE MUNTER
, 1
DISCLAIMER:
ALLE INFORMATIE IN DEZE SAMENVATTING IS AFKOMSTIG UIT DE SLIDES VAN PROFESSOR MACHTELD VAN DIERENDONCK, OF
VAN GOOGLE. IDEM VOOR AFBEELDINGEN/TABELLEN/SCHEMA’S E.A.
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
, 2
INHOUD
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Gedrag........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Ethologie ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Nobelprijswinnaars in 1973 .......................................................................................................................................................... 10
Konrad Lorenz ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Karl Von Frisch .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Nikolaas Tinbergen ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
4 hoofdvragen van Tinbergen ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
2 proximate vragen ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2 ultimate vragen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Toegepaste ethologie ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Welzijn ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Vergelijken/verbeteren van de huisvesting .............................................................................................................................. 12
Optimaliseren van de productie ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Begrijpen hoe abnormaal gedrag ontstaat ............................................................................................................................... 12
Observeren door de dierenarts .................................................................................................................................................... 12
Valkuilen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Oplossingen............................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Hoofdstuk 2: Genetica, evolutie en domesticatie ............................................................................................................................. 14
Nature versus nurture................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Genetica ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Gedrag en genetische invloeden .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Genetische invloeden op gedrag versus omgevingsinvloeden op gedrag ................................................................................ 14
Evolutie ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Evolutie van gedrag................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Selectie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Modificatie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Overspronggedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Ritualisatie ........................................................................................................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.
Functie van gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Domesticatie ................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Domesticatie en gedrag – geschiktheid van gedragsmatige factoren in de domesticatie ....................................................... 16
Gevolgen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 3: Gedrag en fysiologie .................................................................................................................................................... 18
Fysiologie en gedrag ..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Belangrijke onderdelen gedrag ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Overzicht van belangrijke organen/klieren/onderdelen van de hersenen ............................................................................... 18
Hormonensysteem.................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Hypothalamus ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Limbisch systeem ...................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Beslissingen nemen ....................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2 soorten behoeften ................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Neurologische regulatie van het beloningssysteem ................................................................................................................. 20
Besluitvorming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Beweging ................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Interactie tussen gedrag en hormonen ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Biologische klok......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Gedrag en feromonen ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Slaap .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Soorten slaap ............................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Fases van slaap.......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Endocriene regulatie van gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Voedselopname ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Eetlust ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Reproductief gedrag ................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Maternaal gedrag...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Stress ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 4: Motivatie en organisatie van gedrag ........................................................................................................................... 26
Motivatie ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Meetbaarheid? ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Eigenschappen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Doelen/belang .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Motivationele staat ................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Meten van motivatie................................................................................................................................................................. 27
Soorten gedrag.......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Besluitvorming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Moduleren van motivatie ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
Negatief terugkoppelingssysteem ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Positief terugkoppelingssysteem .............................................................................................................................................. 28
Contra free loading ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Hoofdstuk 6: Communicatie, sociaal gedrag en reproductief gedrag .............................................................................................. 29
Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Voordelen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Nadelen ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Communicatie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Voorwaarden en doel ............................................................................................................................................................... 30
Typen van signalen.................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Kosten en baten ........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Sociale communicatie ............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Spenen .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Hoofdstuk 5: Leren en cognitie ......................................................................................................................................................... 35
Leerprocessen ............................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Inprenting ................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Niet-associatief leren ................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Associatief leren ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37
Soorten beloning/straf .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Wet van Thorndike.................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Skinnerbox ................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Operante conditionering met een discriminatoire stimulus ..................................................................................................... 41
Target training........................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Exclusiviteit van hulpen en shaping .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Conditioneringswetten ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Wie traint wie?.......................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Counter conditioning ................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Geconditioneerde suppressie ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Exploratie/latent leren .............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Leren en trainen ........................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Basis attitude ............................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Andere leerprocessen ................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Sociaal leren .............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Hoofdstuk 7: Play .............................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Spel ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Soorten play .............................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Context ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Spel op jonge leeftijd ................................................................................................................................................................ 45
Speelsheid ................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Proximate mechanismen .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
Ultimate mechanismen ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Welzijn en spel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Algemeen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Relatie met omgeving ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
Zelfbelonend ............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Welzijn bevorderen door spel ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Hoofdstuk 9: Abnormaal gedrag ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Normaal gedrag vs. abnormaal gedrag ......................................................................................................................................... 49
Normaal gedrag vs. abnormaal gedrag ..................................................................................................................................... 49
‘Normaal’ gedrag niet kunnen uitvoeren .................................................................................................................................. 49
Voorspelbaarheid/beïnvloedbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................... 50
Welzijn .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Stress ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Standaard fysiologisch stressmodel .......................................................................................................................................... 51
Gevolgen van chronische stress ................................................................................................................................................ 51
De gevolgen van vrije conflicten ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Onvrije conflicten ...................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Individuele reactie op stress ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Fysiologische indicatoren op stress .......................................................................................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 12: Paard ......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Gedomesticeerde dieren – Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................... 59
Evolutie en domesticatie .............................................................................................................................................................. 59
Het paard, het buitenbeentje van de klassieke huisdieren ...................................................................................................... 59
Evolutie, adaptatie en domesticatie ......................................................................................................................................... 59
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Sociaal gedrag ........................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Onderhoudsgedrag ................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Abnormaal gedrag & welzijn ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
Hoofdstuk 15: Varken ....................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Evolutie en domesticatie .............................................................................................................................................................. 74
Selectie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Vrijlevende varkens ................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Selectiekenmerken voor een beter varkenswelzijn .................................................................................................................. 74
Sensorische systemen en basiscommunicatie .............................................................................................................................. 75
Geur en smaak .......................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Geluid & gehoor ........................................................................................................................................................................ 76
Zicht .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Thermoregulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Sociale organisatie – vrij-levende varkens ................................................................................................................................ 79
Kennismaking ............................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Agonistisch gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Voortplanting ............................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Onderhoudsgedrag ....................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Opname- en uitscheidingsgedrag ............................................................................................................................................. 83
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Rust- en slaapgedrag ................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Lichaamsverzorging .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Exploratie .................................................................................................................................................................................. 84
Communicatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Cognitie ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Samenvattend overzicht ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
Abnormaal gedrag & welzijn ......................................................................................................................................................... 85
Ziekte- en stresssymptomen ..................................................................................................................................................... 85
Abnormaal gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 85
De noodzaak van verrijking ....................................................................................................................................................... 86
Kraamstal .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Hoofdstuk 11: Pluimvee .................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Evolutie & domesticatie ................................................................................................................................................................ 89
Oorsprong ................................................................................................................................................................................. 89
Domesticatie v/d leghen ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
Domesticatie v/d vleeskip ......................................................................................................................................................... 89
kalkoenen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Sensorische systemen & basiscommunicatie ............................................................................................................................... 90
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 90
Snavelkappen ............................................................................................................................................................................ 92
Thermoregulatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Cognitie ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................... 92
(Semi-natuurlijke) sociale organisatie ....................................................................................................................................... 92
Communicatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Agonistisch gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 93
Voortplantingsgedrag ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Eieren leggen en het uitzoeken van nesten .............................................................................................................................. 94
Nestbouwgedrag ....................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Eieren leggen ............................................................................................................................................................................ 95
Maternaal gedrag...................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Onderhoudsgedrag ....................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Opname- en uitscheidingsgedrag ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Lichaamsverzorging .................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Stofbaden .................................................................................................................................................................................. 96
Dagindeling ............................................................................................................................................................................... 97
Slaap- en rustgedrag ................................................................................................................................................................. 97
Op stok ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Tijdsbesteding ........................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Ethological needs (van de leghennen) ...................................................................................................................................... 99
Abnormaal gedrag + welzijn ......................................................................................................................................................... 99
Welzijnsproblemen in de leghennenhouderij ........................................................................................................................... 99
Tekenen van ziekte en stress .................................................................................................................................................... 99
Omgericht gedrag ................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Hoofdstuk 13: Rund ........................................................................................................................................................................ 103
Evolutie en domesticatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 103
Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................................................ 103
Sociale organisatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 103
Sensorische systemen & basiscommunicatie ............................................................................................................................. 104
Reuk en geur ........................................................................................................................................................................... 104
Smaak ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 104
Gehoor + vocalisaties .............................................................................................................................................................. 104
Gezichtsvermogen .................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Hittestress ............................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................. 106
Affiliatief gedrag...................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Agonistisch gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................. 106
Voortplantingsgedrag ............................................................................................................................................................. 107
Maternaal gedrag.................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Koe-kalf-binding ...................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Alternatieve koe-kalf-systemen .............................................................................................................................................. 109
Kalf gedrag .............................................................................................................................................................................. 109
Onderhoudsgedrag ..................................................................................................................................................................... 110
Grazen – vreten – herkauwen (als volwassen dier) ................................................................................................................ 110
Vreten moderne koe ............................................................................................................................................................... 110
BCS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Drinken .................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Sylvopastorale agroforestry .................................................................................................................................................... 112
Mesten & Urineren ................................................................................................................................................................. 112
Lichaamsverzorging ................................................................................................................................................................ 112
Rusten & Slapen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Cognitie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Abnormaal gedrag & Welzijn ...................................................................................................................................................... 113
Selectie op melkkoeien ........................................................................................................................................................... 113
Stress en ziekte ....................................................................................................................................................................... 113
Scoren van pijn ........................................................................................................................................................................ 114
Pain face of a cow ................................................................................................................................................................... 114
Abnormaal/conflict gedrag ..................................................................................................................................................... 115
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Abnormaal gedrag bij melkkoeien .......................................................................................................................................... 115
Beweiding - voor en nadelen .................................................................................................................................................. 115
Runderen die permanent binnen staan .................................................................................................................................. 115
Binnenhuisvesting voor melkkoeien – Kreupelheden............................................................................................................. 116
Hoofdstuk 16: Honden .................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Evolutie en domesticatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 117
Domesticatie ........................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Wolven .................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
De Canidae .............................................................................................................................................................................. 117
Wolven en onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................................. 117
Verschillen tussen wildlevende honden en wolven – sociaal gedrag en sociale structuur .................................................... 118
Evolutie van wolf naar hond ................................................................................................................................................... 118
Sensorische systemen & basiscommunicatie ............................................................................................................................. 119
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 119
Communicatie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 120
Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Affiliatief gedrag...................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Agonistisch gedrag .................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Conflictvermijdingsladder ....................................................................................................................................................... 124
Omgaan met conflicten........................................................................................................................................................... 124
Begroeten in de praktijk.......................................................................................................................................................... 124
Seksueel gedrag ...................................................................................................................................................................... 125
Geboorte ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Socialisatie .............................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Onderhoudsgedrag ..................................................................................................................................................................... 126
Jagen en predatie .................................................................................................................................................................... 126
Najagen ................................................................................................................................................................................... 127
Voeding – rauw vlees .............................................................................................................................................................. 127
Abnormaal gedrag & welzijn ....................................................................................................................................................... 127
Gedragsproblemen ................................................................................................................................................................. 127
Acute stress ............................................................................................................................................................................. 127
Chronische stress .................................................................................................................................................................... 128
Pijn .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 129
Risico-evaluatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 129
Hoofdstuk 17: Katten ...................................................................................................................................................................... 130
Evolutie en domesticatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 130
Sensorische systemen en basiscommunicatie ............................................................................................................................ 130
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 130
Communicatie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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Sociaal gedrag ............................................................................................................................................................................. 137
Communicatie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Sociale relaties ........................................................................................................................................................................ 137
Onderhoudsgedrag ..................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Voeding ................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
BSC .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Jagen ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Drinken .................................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Eliminatie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 140
Rusten en slapen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Vallen ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Abnormaal gedrag & welzijn ....................................................................................................................................................... 142
Welzijn van de kat & wat eigenaars ‘denken’ dat welzijn is ................................................................................................... 142
Katten aan asielen afstaan ...................................................................................................................................................... 142
Chronische stress .................................................................................................................................................................... 142
Grooming problemen.............................................................................................................................................................. 143
Veel voorkomende problemen ............................................................................................................................................... 143
Acute pijn – signalen ............................................................................................................................................................... 143
Chronische pijn ....................................................................................................................................................................... 145
Samenvattende overzichtstabel van voornaamste en belangrijkste gedragingen/verschillen bij de klassieke huisdieren ............... 0
Samenvatting ethologie 2020-2021 Céline De Munter
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