Volledige en uitgebreide samenvatting partim dierkunde. De samenvatting bevat heel veel pagina's, vooral door het grote aantal afbeeldingen die groot genoeg geplaatst zijn om te helpen voor de visualisatie, iets wat voor mij geholpen heeft.
Met deze samenvatting is een 11/20 behaald.
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Een definitie van leven? .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Wat is biologie?........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Wat is leven? ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Wat is een dier? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Verschillende organisatieniveaus ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Moleculaire en cellulaire basis .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Weefsels en organen ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Morfologie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Fysiologie .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
Individuen en populaties .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Het dier en zijn omgeving ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
Interactie tussen de niveaus ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
De diversiteit in het dierenrijk ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 2: De dierlijke cel ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Bouwstenen van organismen........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Inwendige structuur van een cel ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Protoplasma .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Plasmamembraan ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Ribosoom .................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Mitochondrion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Kern ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Andere structuren ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Erfelijke informatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Proteïnen .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
de genetische code ................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Expressie van een gen ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Hoofdstuk 3: Celdeling, voortplanting en ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 27
Celvermeerdering ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Mitose ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Meiose ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Voortplantingsvormen .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Aseksuele voortplanting ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Seksuele voortplanting ............................................................................................................................................................. 30
Ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Zygotevorming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Klieving en blastulavorming ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Gastrulatie................................................................................................................................................................................. 34
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Celdifferentiatie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
Eén genoom – verschillende celtypes ....................................................................................................................................... 36
Differentiatie tot een bouwplan ............................................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 4: Biologische diversiteit ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Evolutie – het diversifiërende proces ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Het begrip evolutie ................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Mechanismen van evolutie ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Resultaten van evolutie ............................................................................................................................................................ 38
Co-evolutie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Misverstanden over biologische evolutie ................................................................................................................................. 39
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Waarom systematiek? .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Soortconcept ............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Biologische naamgeving ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Classificatiesysteem .................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Indeling van het dierenrijk ............................................................................................................................................................ 42
Fylogenetische benadering ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Genetische en fenetische kenmerken ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Stamboom der dieren ............................................................................................................................................................... 44
Overzicht van de te bespreken phyla met hun evolutionaire en medische/veterinaire relevantie ......................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 5: Protozoa ...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Bouwplan ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
De morfologie van de protozoöncel ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Voedselopname ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Voortbeweging.......................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................................... 51
Celdeling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Bevruchting en seksualiteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 51
Voorbeelden ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Rhizopoda ................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Flagellata ................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Sporozoa ................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Ciliophora .................................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Hoofdstuk 6: Porifera ........................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Inleiding en diagnose ................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Bouwplan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................. 59
Belangrijke recente groepen .................................................................................................................................................... 60
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Hoofdstuk 7: Cnidaria ....................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Bouwplan ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Algemene opbouw van het lichaam ......................................................................................................................................... 62
Structuur van een poliep........................................................................................................................................................... 62
Structuur van een meduse ........................................................................................................................................................ 63
Cnidoblasten ............................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................................... 65
Belangrijke recente groepen ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
Hoofdstuk 8: Platyhelminthes ........................................................................................................................................................... 68
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................... 68
Belangrijke recente groepen ......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Classis Turbellaria.......................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Bouwplan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
SVS en voedselopname ............................................................................................................................................................. 70
ES............................................................................................................................................................................................... 70
ZS en zintuigen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Voortplanting en regeneratie ................................................................................................................................................... 71
Classis Trematoda ......................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Algemeenheden ........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................. 72
Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................................................................................. 73
Classis Cestoda .............................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Algemeenheden ........................................................................................................................................................................ 74
Bouwplan .................................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................. 75
Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Hoofdstuk 9: Nematoda .................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Bouwplan ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Habitus en lichaamsomhulling .................................................................................................................................................. 78
Spieren ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Lichaamsholte ........................................................................................................................................................................... 79
SVS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 79
ZS en zintuigen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
ES............................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
AHS en bloedvatenstelsel ......................................................................................................................................................... 80
Geslachtsorganen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................................... 81
Typische kenmerken van het Arthropoda-bouwplan ................................................................................................................. 112
De lichaamswand: de cuticula ................................................................................................................................................ 112
Groei en vervelling .................................................................................................................................................................. 113
Bouw van een segment ........................................................................................................................................................... 114
SVS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 116
AHS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 116
Bloedsomloop en lichaamsholte ............................................................................................................................................. 118
ES............................................................................................................................................................................................. 118
ZS............................................................................................................................................................................................. 119
Endocriene klieren .................................................................................................................................................................. 120
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 121
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................... 124
Voortplantingsstelsel .............................................................................................................................................................. 124
Metamorfose en vervelling ..................................................................................................................................................... 125
Hoofdstuk 13: Arthropoda – classis Arachnida ............................................................................................................................... 126
Algemeenheden .......................................................................................................................................................................... 126
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 126
Ordo Arachnida ........................................................................................................................................................................... 128
Bouwplan ................................................................................................................................................................................ 128
Levenswijze ............................................................................................................................................................................. 129
Ordo Acari ................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
Bouwplan ................................................................................................................................................................................ 130
Levenswijze ............................................................................................................................................................................. 131
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling................................................................................................................................................ 132
Voorbeelden ........................................................................................................................................................................... 132
Hoofdstuk 14: Arthropoda – subphylum Crustacea ....................................................................................................................... 135
Algemeenheden .......................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Bouwplan .................................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Segmenten en aanhangsels .................................................................................................................................................... 135
Ademhaling ............................................................................................................................................................................. 139
Bloedvatenstelsel .................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Spijsverteringsstelsel............................................................................................................................................................... 140
Excretiestelsel ......................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Zenuwstelsel en zintuigen ....................................................................................................................................................... 141
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................... 142
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................................................. 142
Hoofdstuk 15: Arthropoda – subphylum Insecta ............................................................................................................................ 147
Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
Bouwplan .................................................................................................................................................................................... 147
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Segmentatie en tagmata ......................................................................................................................................................... 147
Aanhangsels ............................................................................................................................................................................ 147
SVS, ES en ZS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 150
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................... 151
Systematiek ................................................................................................................................................................................. 152
Overzicht over de verschillende ordines ................................................................................................................................. 153
Hoofdstuk 16: Chordata – Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 157
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 157
Typische chordatenstructuren .................................................................................................................................................... 157
Chorda dorsalis ....................................................................................................................................................................... 158
Dorsale neurale buis ............................................................................................................................................................... 158
Kieuwspleten........................................................................................................................................................................... 159
Myomeren .............................................................................................................................................................................. 159
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 160
Classificatie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 160
Onderverdeling ....................................................................................................................................................................... 161
Subphylum Vertebrata ............................................................................................................................................................ 162
Hoofdstuk 17: Chordata – classis Chondrichtyes ............................................................................................................................ 171
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 171
Bijzondere kenmerken ................................................................................................................................................................ 171
Habitus .................................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Skelet ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Huid en placoiede schubben ................................................................................................................................................... 172
Vinnen ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 172
Ademhaling en bloedvatenstelsel ........................................................................................................................................... 173
Excretie en osmoregulatie ...................................................................................................................................................... 175
Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................................................. 175
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 176
Subclassis Holocephali ............................................................................................................................................................ 176
Subclassis Elasmobranchii ....................................................................................................................................................... 177
Hoofdstuk 18: Chordata – classis Osteichtyes ................................................................................................................................ 178
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 178
Bijzondere kenmerken ................................................................................................................................................................ 178
Schubben ................................................................................................................................................................................ 178
Vinnen ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 181
Ademhaling en bloedsomloop ................................................................................................................................................ 183
Zwemblaas .............................................................................................................................................................................. 186
Excretie en osmoregulatie bij Vertebrata ............................................................................................................................... 186
Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................................................. 188
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Levenswijze ................................................................................................................................................................................. 190
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 191
Sarcopterygii ........................................................................................................................................................................... 191
Subclassis Actinopterygii ......................................................................................................................................................... 193
Hoofdstuk 19: Chordata – classis Amphibia.................................................................................................................................... 200
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 200
Overgang water-landleven.......................................................................................................................................................... 200
Bouwplan en bijzondere kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 201
Huid ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 201
Ademhaling en bloedsomloop ................................................................................................................................................ 202
Levenswijze ................................................................................................................................................................................. 203
Biotoop.................................................................................................................................................................................... 203
Droogte- en koude-problemen ............................................................................................................................................... 205
Voedsel ................................................................................................................................................................................... 205
Voortplanting .......................................................................................................................................................................... 206
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 207
Ordo Caudata .......................................................................................................................................................................... 207
Ordo Anura ............................................................................................................................................................................. 208
Modelorganisme voor onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................... 208
Hoofdstuk 20: Chordata – classis Reptilia ....................................................................................................................................... 210
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
Verdere aanpassingen aan het landleven ................................................................................................................................... 210
Bouwplan en bijzondere kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 211
Excretie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 211
Ademhaling en bloedsomloop ................................................................................................................................................ 211
Zintuigen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 212
Gifmechanismen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 213
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 214
Ordo Chelonia ......................................................................................................................................................................... 215
Ordo Squamata ....................................................................................................................................................................... 215
Ordo Crocodilia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 216
Hoofdstuk 21: Chordata – classis Aves ........................................................................................................................................... 217
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 217
Bouwplan en bijzondere kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 217
Aanpassingen aan het vliegen................................................................................................................................................. 217
De poten ................................................................................................................................................................................. 219
Syrinx....................................................................................................................................................................................... 220
Thermoregulatie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 221
Ademhaling en bloedsomloop ................................................................................................................................................ 221
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Excretie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 222
Voortplanting .............................................................................................................................................................................. 222
Het vogelei .................................................................................................................................................................................. 223
Bouw van het ei ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223
Eileg ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 224
Ontwikkeling van het ei .......................................................................................................................................................... 224
Het uitsluipen .......................................................................................................................................................................... 226
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 227
Hoofdstuk 22: Chordata – classis Mammalia .................................................................................................................................. 237
Inleiding en diagnose .................................................................................................................................................................. 237
Verschillen met de Reptilia ......................................................................................................................................................... 237
Bouwplan en bijzondere kenmerken .......................................................................................................................................... 238
Haar......................................................................................................................................................................................... 238
Klieren ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 238
Tanden .................................................................................................................................................................................... 240
Ledematen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 242
Voortplanting en ontwikkeling.................................................................................................................................................... 243
Monotremata .......................................................................................................................................................................... 243
Marsupialia ............................................................................................................................................................................. 243
Placentalia ............................................................................................................................................................................... 244
Belangrijke recente groepen ....................................................................................................................................................... 245
Ordo Monotremata................................................................................................................................................................. 246
Marsupialia ............................................................................................................................................................................. 247
Ordines Soricomorpha en Eulipotyphla .................................................................................................................................. 248
Ordo Chiroptera ...................................................................................................................................................................... 248
Ordo Carnivora ........................................................................................................................................................................ 248
Ordo Perissodactyla ................................................................................................................................................................ 250
Ordo Artiodactyla.................................................................................................................................................................... 250
Ordo Rodentia ......................................................................................................................................................................... 251
Ordo Lagomorpha ................................................................................................................................................................... 251
Ordo Primates ......................................................................................................................................................................... 252
Bibliografie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 253
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HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING
EEN DEFINITIE VAN LE VEN?
WAT IS BIOLOGIE?
▪ Biologie was vroeg al nodig
o Vinden van plantaardig voedsel
o Jagen op prooien
o Zelf niet ten prooi vallen aan roofdieren
▪ Het was dus broodnodig om grondige kennis te vergaren over de voedingswaarde, verspreiding, … van planten en
dieren
▪ Biologie (en dus ook dierkunde) evolueerde van een utilitaire wetenschap naar een fundamentele wetenschap → men
wil begrijpen hoe de wereld rondom ons werkt
▪ Uit de fundamentele wetenschap van de biologie zijn verschillende toepassingsgebieden ontstaan
o Deze wetenschappen hebben vaak ook raakvlakken met elkaar
Figuur 1: Voorbeelden van verschillende disciplines in de dierkunde
WAT IS LEVEN?
▪ Leven is constant onderworpen aan evolutie → daarom moeilijk te
definiëren
▪ Eigenschappen veranderen doorheen de evolutie → toch aantal
gemeenschappelijke kenmerken tussen de verschillende dieren
▪ Kenmerken van leven
o Unieke chemische samenstelling
▪ Alle levende systemen hebben grote + ingewikkelde
macromoleculen
▪ 4 grote groepen van macromoleculen
• Nucleïnezuren
• Proteïnen of eiwitten
• Koolhydraten
• Lipiden of vetten
o Hiërarchische organisatieniveaus
▪ Hogere organisatieniveaus ondervinden invloed van
de eigenschappen van lagere niveaus + vertonen zelf
eigenschappen die NIET bestaan op lagere niveaus
Figuur 2: organisatie van leven
Samenvatting dierkunde 2021-2022 Céline De Munter
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