Summary

Summary Material Behavioral Neuroscience 1st year course Biology RUG

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Course
Behavioural Neurosciences

Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)

This summary contains all the material for the MC exam of behavioral neuroscience. The exam is a lot about the lectures, so all the important information together with important pictures is put in this document. Together with a nice lay-out :)

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Uploaded on September 19, 2022
Number of pages 40
Written in 2021/2022
Type Summary

behavioral
neuroscience
behavior
brain

Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Education
Biology / Life Science And Technology
Course
Behavioural Neurosciences

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, Lecture 1

Basic Brain Anatomy
Statements

- We use all our neurons actively; long-term inactive neurons die due to a lack of neurotrophic
factors
- recently developed methods for cell counting have shown that in case of healthy, non-demented
elderly only limited loss of neurons occurs (max. 5%).
- (neurogenesis) still takes place at all ages, although the production is rather low at high age.

Physiology brain

Gyrus (hili): higher part of brain
Sulcus: grooves
Fissure (big curve)
History (phrenology)

Past ideas: shape of skull -> you can figure out a lot about someone (not anymore)
Now certain areas have specific functions
Language

Broca: problem speaking (motor aphasia)
Wernicke: can speak but not logically (sensory aphasia) (dyslexia)

Brain imaging

CT scan: computerized tomography (structure)
PET scan: positron emission (activity)

MRI scan: magnetic resonance imaging (structure) fMRI scan: functional MRI (activity)

,Psychopaths

Amygdala not as active
Orbital cortex (area which is responsible for
moral decision-making) not as active
-> cannot control amygdala (dictates •

aggression)

Fallon: people with not that much brain
activity, were psychopaths)

Sections
Orbital cortex

Dimensions neurons

Neuron cell bodies: 100 micro m
Large axons and dendrites: 10 micro m
Synaptic ending: 1 micro m
Synaptic cleft: 20 nano m
Neuronal membrane: 5 nano m
Diameter ion channel: 0.5 nano m

Kind of cells (white/ grey matter)

Gray matter: cell body + dendrites
-> Has many layers: some layers have cell bodies, and some have only dendrites
White matter: axons (majority)
-> Only consists of one layer

Microglia will get activated
when lesions takes place:
they try to fix it

, Ventricular system

Brain surrounded by CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) (fluid around brain)
Brain exists of 150 mL fluid (but 500 mL produced in the day (washes brain 3x)
- For protection and wash the brain (get rid of left over from activity)
Sleep has an important role in this

We have 4 ventricles: moves fluid through the brain
Fluid through cerebral aqueduct -> heart -> leaves body -> blockage in cerebral
aqueduct -> waterhead
1st an 2nd ventricle
are lateral

Neurophilosophy

Neuron a basic unit which can be studied by neuroanatomical techniques
In the cortex there are a lot of layers: denser in the middle

Staining

Analysis of brain material: Nissl staining (Franz Nissl)
->stain neurons and dendrites
Nissl thought neurons and dendrites were independent

Golgi staining (Camillo Golgi): Rival of Nissl still got a Nobel price
-> neurons and dendrites are connected

Cajal did microscopy: Dendrites and axons are indeed connected

For every neuron -> one axon (don’t have spines, only terminals)
It can have several dendrites

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Exam (elaborations) ·