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summary of the course wildlife ecology and conservation

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A summary and lecture notes on the course of wildlife ecology and conservation

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  • September 21, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
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Wildlife conservation and ecology – REG32806
1. Intro

Biodiversity:

 Different levels →
o Genetic
o Species
o Ecosystem
 Spatial component →
o Richness
o Evenness
 Recessive
 Dominant
 Temporal component → Over time increase & decrease (mega extinction), but in the end over
time diversity goes up (trend is up!)
 Dimensions of biodiversity:
o Functional → Contribution species to ecosystem, Measure by looking at traits
o Phylogenetic → How related are species?

Diversity causes stability

How much biodiversity is lost?

Large mammals occurred everywhere, lost in most parts → not known if it is by humans or climate.

Clear link extinction animals and antropocene, but it also saved some mammals by conservation actions.

Why is the loss of biodiversity problematic?

Value statements underlying wildlife conservation:

 Diversity of organisms is good → Human induced extinction is bad
 Heterogeneity & ecological complexity is good → ecological processes should not be simplified
 Evolution is good → not half or alter evolution
 Biotic diversity has intrinsic value → Species have value themselves

What are causes of biodiversity loss?

Habitat fragmentation and exploitation is high in mammals

Main threats:

 Habitat loss:
o Agriculture
o Logging
o Development (e.g. housing)
 Direct mortality
o Hunting (overexploitation)
o Invasive species

Conservation action prevented:

,  Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
 Agriculture and aquaculture

Dilemma of world population growth

 Natural resources increasingly needed -> degradation -> undermines future use

Key factor in species threat: population density of people

 Not always a relationship -> less mammals in very dense Europe already, not that many threatened
now

Slowing/halting human pop growth

 By
o Empowering & educating women
o Access to contraception
 Problem: economies based on growth
o Change in mindset needed
o More protected areas

Genetic diversity (GD)

Low GD can reduce:

 Pop viability
 Resistance to diseases

Climate change

 No evidence as direct cause of extinction
 Expected to have negative (indirect) effects in future

Anthropogenic (human caused) threats

Largely determined by:

 Income
 Pop density
 Development activities

Effective conservation measures:

Solutions; what can we do? ◦ More substantial conservation efforts

◦ Proactive policies (e.g. shifts in agricultural practices)

◦ Improved land-use planning:

Land sharing → Less efficient, but life together

or

Land sparing → spare extra land for animals, more effective land use.

,  Shifting diets

Conservative successes

◦ >31 bird species saved from extinction by conservation programs

◦ Protected areas cover 14% of land surface

◦ Eradication of invasive species

◦ Captive breeding & re-introductions

Future treats:

Current + increased but uncertain threat of climate change effects

2. Overexploitation

 Oceans
o Fishing
 Wildlife
o Hunting & poaching
o Relationship with overfishing (Coastal areas without enough fish -> turn to bushmeat,

more hunting)

 Forests
o Timber extraction & logging
o Fuelwood collection & charcoal production

Forest loss (forest itself not exploited)

◦ Agriculture

◦ Road building and urbanization

More accesible → more exploitation

Tragedy of commons o Incompletely defined & enforced property rights o Users do not consider social
benefits & costs o Benefits for individual, negative effects for all o Harmful effects on 3rd parties:
depletion of wildlife

When people own area → become responsible

Extent of problem

 Overexploitation 1 of 5 main threats
 1.5 km2 net forest loss between 2000-2012
o Tropics: agriculture & urban expansion
o Boreal: fires
 Large mammal species: pop decreased after humans entered continent
 301 mammal species threatened due to hunting
o Less in developed countries (EU), all in developing countries (Africa) -> hunting not
needed & lot of mammals already extinct

, o Mostly in Asia, Africa & South-America
o Larger body mass (kg) -> higher chance of being hunted
o Also affects birds (parrots as pets)

Causes of overexploitation ◦ Forests - Timber/logging

- Fuelwood/charcoal

- Uncontrolled fires

- Livestock grazing

◦ Hunting (bushmeat)
- Food

- Medical products

- Ornaments

- Pet trade (parrots)

Most affected species:

Ungulates among large-sized mammals

Primates among medium-sized mammals

Bats among small-sized mammals

Human induced megafauna extinctions

Hunting or climate change?

Ongoing debate:

 Global geographical distribution of extinct species: humans the main cause (Sandom et al 2014)
 Ancient DNA: climate change the main cause (Cooper et al. 2015)

Causes increased hunting pressure in tropical forests

o Loss of forest
o Increase in human pop size(people get very old)
o Urbanization
o Increased access (roads & fragmentation)
o Mobility of hunters
o Modern hunting technologies (weapons)
o Commercialisation
o Extractive industries (logging)

Empty landscape: e.g. South east Asia → hardly any wildlife by overexploitation.

Bushmeat hunting on African Savannahs

o Elevated demand (for meat)
o Human encroachment

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