schrijfopdracht waarbij je een wetenschappelijk inleiding moet schrijven voor humane levenscyclus 2. Ik schreef het over de relatie tussen autisme en darmflora. Het is beoordeeld met een hoge cijfer, bovendien heb ik de feedback ook toegepast voor het uploaden van deze verslag. Dus het zou perfect ...
The association between autism symptoms in children who take
probiotics compared to those who do not
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental brain condition that affects about
1% of the population in the Netherlands (1,2). ASD is characterized by repetitive patterns of
interests, behaviors, and activities as well as difficulties in social communication and
interaction (2). Studies have shown that most children with ASD have gastrointestinal
disorders. This indicates that ASD is not only a psychological disorder but that it also has a
physiological cause (3).
The microbiota is comprised of bacterial genes, which have impact on physiological
regulation that they can be considered a separate organ (4). Children with gastrointestinal
problems may be affected by symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation,
unformed feces, bloating, and flatulence (5). Gastrointestinal disorders are associated with
low microbiome diversity. Dysbiosis is a term that is used to describe a decrease in gut
microbial biodiversity and changes in its composition. Other factors that can be associated
with decreased microbiota are cesarean birth, not being fed by breastfeeding, and the use of
antibiotics (6).
By the age of three, adult-like gut flora has developed. A healthy microbiome mainly consists
of the following bacterial strains: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and
Veillonella (6).
Children suffering from ASD often have fewer gut bacteria of the
Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus strains (3). Further, the microbiome connection between
the gut-intestinal tract and brain is necessary for maintaining health and disease balance.
The microbiota and the central nervous system communicate through neural, endocrine,
and immune pathways (3). This communication is called the gut-brain axis (3). The
gastrointestinal tract is affected by many factors, including specific types of diets. Therefore,
treating gastrointestinal disorders could help reduce the autistic symptoms of children
diagnosed with ASD (3). Moreover, minimizing the symptoms of ASD would make it easier
for these children to overcome daily challenges.
The connection between ASD and low microbiome diversity in children is shown in several
studies. As previously stated, gastrointestinal disorders are associated with a low
microbiome diversity (6), and most children with autism have gastrointestinal disorders (3).
However, it is unclear whether the symptoms of ASD can be decreased by increasing the
microbiome diversity of children who have low microbiome diversity.
The aim of this study is to determine to what extent there is an association between ASD
symptoms in 5-year-old children in the Netherlands who receive probiotics (70 mg)
compared to children who do not receive any probiotics at all.
This study is a randomized controlled trial that includes 300 5-year-old children living in the
Netherlands who have been diagnosed with ASD. The study population consists of 150
children who will receive placebo treatment and 150 children who will receive 70 mg
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