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Samenvatting Onderwijskunde Bovenbouw Basis

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Onderwijskunde Bovenbouw Basis Essentials of Educational Psychology Hoofdstuk 1 t/m 6

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  • January 22, 2016
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  • 2015/2016
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Chapter 1 – Introduction to Educational Psychology
Educational Psychology
Academic discipline that
- Systematically studies the nature of learning, child development, motivation, an
related topics and
- Applies its research findings to the identification and development of effective
instructional practices.

General Guiding Principles of Educational Psychology
The field of educational psychology focuses on those aspects of psychology that have
particular relevance for classroom practice.
Underlying this seemingly diverse set of topics are several guiding principles that unify
educational psychology as a discipline:
An in-depth knowledge of students must drive teacher decision making.
Learner-centered instruction Approach to teaching in which instructional strategies are
chosen largely on the basis of students’ existing abilities, predispositions, and needs 
figure 1.1, blz. 5

De onderwerpen, manier van instructie, manier van creëren van betekenisvolle
leeromgeving en de manier van toetsing in een les moet gebaseerd zijn op het gedrag en
kennis van de studenten. Het gedrag en de kennis van studenten kan veranderen. Dit
moet dus ook gebeuren in de manier van lesgeven. ‘The relationship between student
characteristics and behaviours, on the one hand, and teacher strategies, on the other, is
a two-way street’.

Inclusion The practice of educating all students, including those with severe and multiple
disabilities, in neighbourhood schools and general education classrooms.

The effectiveness of various classroom practises can best be determined
through systematic research.
Ormrod’s Own Psychological Survey (OOPS)
Dit is een test die bestaat uit 7 beweringen
over leren en ontwikkelen. Hieronder staan de beweringen met hun antwoorden.
1. The best way to learn and remember a new fact is to repeat it over and over
again. FALSE.
Studenten leren effectiever wanneer zij nieuwe informatie koppelen aan
bestaande kennis. Zo onthouden zij de nieuwe kennis makkelijker en langer.
Elaboration Cognitive process in which learners embellish on new information
based on what they already know.
2. Most children 5 years of age and older are natural learners: They know the best
way to learn something without having to be taught how to learn it. FALSE
Veel studenten weten niet goed hoe zij moeten leren en gebruiken onhandige
strategieën. Ze gebruiken uit zichzelf geen Elaboration.
3. When a teacher rewards one student for appropriate behaviour, the behaviour of
other students usually suffer as a result. FALSE
Studenten zijn geneigd om gedrag dat wordt beloond te imiteren om op die
manier ook die beloning te krijgen.
4. Students are often poor judges of how much they’ve learned. TRUE.
In tegenstelling tot populaire beweringen zijn studenten niet de beste
beoordelaars op hun eigen verkregen kennis en leren.
5. Anxiety sometimes helps students learn and perform more succesfully in the
classroom. TRUE.

, Met name voor makkelijke opdrachten kan een stukje angst zorgen voor beter
leren en betere prestaties.
6. When teachers have children tutor their classmates in academic subject matter,
the tutors gain very little from the process. FALSE.
Wanneer een student een andere student helpt, hebben beide studenten hier
profijt van.
7. The ways in which teachers assess students’ learning influence what and how the
students actually learn. TRUE.
Wat en hoe studenten leren worden beïnvloed door de verwachtingen die de
leraren van hen hebben.

Bij deze beweringen wordt duidelijk dat het antwoord wat het meest voor de hand
liggend is niet altijd juist is. Niet al deze beweringen klinken logisch. Educational
Psychologists geloven dat kennis over leren en lesgeven moet komen van objectieve
bronnen van informatie, zoals systematisch onderzoek. Evidence-based practice.
Vertrouwen op ‘common sence and logic’ is niet altijd juist.


Research can provide quantitative information, qualitative information, or
both.
Quantitative research Research yielding information that is inherently numerical in
nature or can easily be reduced to numbers.

Qualitative research Research yielding information that cannot be easily reduced to
numbers; typically involves an in-depth examination of a complex phenomenon.

Leraren krijgen een beter begrip van studenten en effectieve opdrachten bij de les
wanneer zij gebruik maken van zowel kwalitatief als kwantitatief onderzoek.

Different kinds of research lead to different kinds of conclusions.
Onderzoeken vallen in een van de drie categorieën: ‘descriptive, correlational, or
experimental’. Deze drie categorieën zorgen voor verschillende soorten informatie en
uitkomsten.

Descriptive study Research study that enables researchers to draw conclusions about
the current state of affairs but not about correlational or cause-and-effect relationships.
Een ‘Descriptive study’ beschrijft een situatie. Het geeft informatie over de kenmerken
van studenten, leraren of scholen. Deze studie bevat ook informatie over hoe vaak de
kenmerken voorkomen. Door een studie als deze kan je conclusies trekken over ‘the way
things are’.

Correlational study Research study that explores possible relationships among
variables. In hoeverre hebben twee zaken met elkaar te maken.Positive correlation: als
een variabele toeneemt, neemt de andere variabele ook toe. Negative correlation: als
een variabele afneemt, neemt de andere variabele toe.
For example, Roderick and Camburn’s study of the Chicago public schools had a
correlational element: It revealed that early failure in high school was associated with
later school failure and dropping out. But it did not necessarily show that early failure
was the reason that many students subsequently dropped out of school.

Descriptive study and correlational study describe things as the exist naturally in the
environment.

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