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Climate & The Biophysical Environment (GEOG 2110) - Lecture Notes

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All of the lectures notes for GEOG 2110 - Climate & The Biophysical Environment, taught at the University of Guelph. Mix of hand-written and typed notes.

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  • September 23, 2022
  • 74
  • 2021/2022
  • Class notes
  • Laura brown
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GEOG 2110 - Notes (W22)

, Introduction JANUARY 12TH
WEATHER V5 CLIMATE -
DIFFERENCE IN TIME

Weather short time period Climate longtime period
-


- -




↳ ↳
Erratic Slow and
changes gradual change
↳ ↳
Atmospheric conditions
Longterm records

CLIMATE VARIABILITY VS CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate variability and extremes abrupt and Climate variability is annual fluctuations around
along term
'



are
average


-




short lived Climate term continuous
change long change
.

-
is -




HOW DO WE MEASURE CLIMATE ?

satellite data measures what's
happening now Physical records provide historical climate records
- •

-




5 COMPONENTS OF A CLIMATE SYSTEM

Cryosphere polar ice sea ice , permafrost Hydrosphere oceans , lakes rivers
• '




caps
: - :
, , ,




seasonal snow cover
glaciers Biosphere ecosystem
'




,
mountain :




Geosphere :/ and Atmosphere




air
-


:




CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate
Forcing's the initial drivers of climate change External
forcingsexist outside of climate systems and
.

-




Positive
forcing results in climate warming affect the
global energy balance resulting in climate change
'




,




Negative forcing results in climate cooling Forcingscan be natural or anthropogenic
- -




EXTERNAL FORCINGS AND CLIMATE RESPONSES




CLIMATE FORCING PLATE TECTONICS -




locations
Changes continent and Ocean sizes and Alters atmospheric and oceanic circulation
'
-




changes sizes and position of mountain Very slow processes over millions of years
' -




ranges
last 1- 250m42)
supercontinent was
Pangaea
'




PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND PALE OCEANOGRAPHY

Changes in location of continents due to tectonics will Development of mountains and
changes in ocean and air
' '




location
cause
changes in climate currents will also alter climate at a
given
CLIMATE FORCING ORBITAL CHANGES-




Variations in the orbit around the Sun / Milankovitch Cycles) Eccentricity 100000 yr period
' '

=




Effects the of solar radiation the Earth 's Obliquity 41000 yr period
-




amount
-

=




surface Precession 27000 yr period
'



receives -_




CLIMATE FORCING -
SOLAR VARIABILITY

Changes in the strength of the sun's radiation Both
long-term and short-term
-
'




Affects the amount of solar radiation the Earth Sunspots are example of
receives an
long-term
- .




CLIMATE FORCING -
ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING
GHGs due to human activities Landover / urbanization
change the changes agriculture
• i




, ,




atmospheric composition deforestation etc ) ,
.




Landover
changes albedo carbon
'


>
sequestration
-


,

,RESPONSE AND REACTION TIME
Reaction Time time Response Time amount of time it takes to
it takes the climate system get halfway
• -
-
-




to react fully to a
change in
forcing towards equilibrium
FORCING US RESPONSE

fast response / ex tectonics)
Slow
forcing If
forcing time response there's dynamic response
-

-_
a
- -
-
.




response )

Fast
forcing slow response / often little to Rare the real world
-

__
no in


CYCLIC FORCING AND RESPONSE

Cyclic forcing produces acyclic response Response time is the same but
forcing is changing
.
'




FEEDBACK WITHIN CLIMATE SYSTEMS

Climate Feedbacks processes that can either simplify Positive Feedback increases an initial
warming
-
.
- -




diminish the effects of climate
or
forcing's
Negative Feedback reduces an initial
warming

-

, Earth's Climate System Today JANUARY 14TH

HEATING THE EARTH

Exogenic energy Eugenic energy is composed of electromagnetic radiation
-
-




↳ Drives Earth 's climate system from the Sun
INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION

Top of the atmosphere -1368W / m2 70% of radiation reaches the climate system
- '




incoming
rotating Earth -342W / m2

Top of the 30% reflected back to space
-



is

213 ↳
238W / m2
contributes to
heating Earth and the lower
Average amount retained is
-




atmosphere ( troposphere)
INCOMING + OUTGOING RADIATION

Most radiation that hits Earth 's surface
Incoming shortwave radiation
light
>
is visible
- '
-




/ heat)
Outgoing longwave radiation
-

-
>



ALL OBJECTS RADIATE HEAT

Amount of radiation an based on the
object emits is





object 's temperature
Awarmerobejectemits more radiation than a cooler





object
Any object whose temperature is greater than absolute
-




zero contains some heat that is
,
being radiated away
from that object


GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Natural
greenhouse effect is a critical component of
-




the Earth 's climate

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION

sunhitsthesurfaceatagreaterangle.at/-hepo1es--Al- the equator sun hits more directly radiation is focused on
-

-


,




/ cooler ) (holter)
radiation
isspreadoveralargerarea a smaller area


2.5 times more insolation at the
equator
INCOMING RADIATION VARIES SEASONALLY

As the Earth orbits around the Sun the tilt causes
Changes in albedo throughout the year also affects the
-
.



,




different hemispheres to face the sun
throughout the year amount of radiation absorbed at Earth 's surface

LATITUDINAL DIFFERENCES

23.50N and S is where insolation is the
strongest Sea ice cover in the increases albedo
.




poles more
-
-
>



insolation reflected

ALBEDO OF DIFFERENT SURFACES

affected by surface
Albedo
percentage of incoming radiation that is reflected Albedo colour and incident
angle
-



is
-
-




rather than absorbed

ALBEDO AND SUN ANGLE
less than 5% reflected / water)
sun
angle controls heat absorption High incidence angle
-
-
-




Latitudinal differences have influence Low incidence reflection
-




on albedo
an
angle


-_
more

POLES V5 EQUATOR

The poles / high latitudes) retain less of the little The
equator / tropics / low latitudes) retain more of the
large
• -




radiation they receive amount of radiation they receive

SURFACE ALBEDO VARIES SEASONALLY

In the Arctic sea places exists for multiple sea ice around Antarctica expands and contracts annually
' -




,
ice in many ,




years at a time
altering the surface albedo in the southern hemisphere
Most in the northern hemisphere come from
changes
'




snow cover Overland masses

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