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,Lecture 1 – The basics
Cells basic features
Cells:
1. Membrane-enclosed unit of life
2. Metabolism (most characteristic feature of life)
3. Growth and division
4. Response to environmental signals, internal and external communication
Interdisciplinary
1. Biochemistry/molecular biology: factors involved?
2. Physiology: purpose or reason?
3. Bio technology: manipulate metabolism?
4. Biomedicine: modify/counteract?
Basic features of the cell
- Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein and then metabolites
o DNA – genetic material
o Proteins: workhorses
o Metabolites: molecules produced or altered by cell
>> Interplay between these factors is very important
Prokaryotic cell
- Small (1-5 micrometer)
- Single cell (like bacteria, except
biofilms)
- No membrane-enclosed
compartments
- Biochemically flexible
, Nucleolus (1)
→ DNA synthesis and transcription
→ The diameter is 5-10 micrometre
→ Surrounded by a double phosphorlipid membrane with nuclear pores
o Makes exchange/transport possible of RNA from inside to outside and
transcription factors from outside to inside the nucleus
Nucleolus: ribosome/ RNA synthesis
→ The nucleus membrane does not look
like a normal membrane because it is not
continuous, it is interrupted by nuclear
pores
o The nuclear pores must be big
enough so that proteins (e.g.
transcription factors) can enter
the nucleus
Link of accompanying paper below
➢ Figure 1 important !
➢ Certain areas of nucleolus is colored in red > protein (green) accumulates in the
nucleolus > system is headed, to destabilize the protein, unfold> the protein
localizes to parts of the nucleolus that is colored red
➢ https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaw9157
Endoplasmatic reticulum (2)
→ Protein modification (foldings, glycosidation)
→ Transport/sorting
→ Closely connected to protein synthesis
→ Membrane proteins are inserted
in the ER
→ First station for secreted proteins
→ Mitochondrial fission (afsnoering)
is initiated by the ER
3
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