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Samenvatting Alles wat je moet weten voor 'Inclusief onderwijs en passende zorg' $10.86   Add to cart

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Samenvatting Alles wat je moet weten voor 'Inclusief onderwijs en passende zorg'

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Deze samenvatting bestaat uit de aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges en samenvattingen van de verplichte literatuur. De samenvatting is deels in het Nederlands en deels in het Engels.

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  • September 27, 2022
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  • 2022/2023
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Inclusief onderwijs en passende zorg in de context
Inhoud
Hc 1. Introductie van de cursus en conceptuele oriëntatie op de potentieelbenadering en adaptieve
zorg en onderwijs...................................................................................................................................3
Animatie passend onderwijs...............................................................................................................5
Animatie eindevaluatie passend onderwijs........................................................................................5
Cantor et al., 2019 – Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How children learn and develop in
context...............................................................................................................................................5
Ledoux et al., 2020 – Evaluatie passend onderwijs, eindrapport mei 2020........................................8
Hc 2. Introductie van de opdracht en oriëntatie op thema gelijke kansen in het onderwijs..................9
Klassen aflevering 1: waar je wieg staat...........................................................................................10
Anja Vinken: Arme en rijke kinderen zitten steeds minder vaak bij elkaar in de klas en daar is wat
aan te doen.......................................................................................................................................10
Leseman, 2019 – Ongelijke kansen in het onderwijs........................................................................10
Rapport ‘Kansengelijkheid in het onderwijs’....................................................................................12
Hc 3. Leer- en gedragsproblemen en handelingsgerichte diagnostiek.................................................13
Scheepers, 2021 – ‘Mensen zijn ingewikkeld, dus stap af van de labels in de GGZ’.........................14
Teachers with special needs (video).................................................................................................14
Batstra et al., 2022 – Teachers with special needs. De-psychiatrization of children in schools........15
Hinshaw, 2018 – Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): controversy, developmental
mechanisms, and multiple levels of analysis....................................................................................15
Howard et al., 2021 – Student motivation and associated outcomes: a meta-analysis from self-
determination theory.......................................................................................................................17
Snowling et al., 2020 – Defining and understanding dyslexia: past, present and future..................18
Hc 4. Passende zorg voor kinderen met een verstandelijke en meervoudige beperking.....................20
Wat is een lichte verstandelijke beperking? (lezing van Xavier Moonen).........................................21
Inclusief onderwijs............................................................................................................................23
Perspectief op ontwikkeling: jongeren met een verstandelijke beperking (video)...........................23
Fernández-Batanero et al., 2022 – Use of augmented reality for students with educational needs: a
systematic review.............................................................................................................................23
OECD, 2020 – Mapping policy approaches and practices for the inclusion of students with special
education..........................................................................................................................................24
Hc 5. Passend onderwijs en passende zorg voor kinderen met taalproblemen en/of begrijpend
leesproblemen......................................................................................................................................28
TOS op het reguliere onderwijs........................................................................................................31
Taal bij rekenen................................................................................................................................31
Begrijpend lezen, Zondag met Lubach..............................................................................................31

, Snowling et al., 2020 – Dyslexia and developmental language disorder: comorbid disorders with
distinct effects on reading comprehension......................................................................................31
Eadie et al., 2018 – quality of life in children with developmental language disorder.....................32
Rogde et al., 2016 – Improving the general language skills of second-language learners in
kindergarten.....................................................................................................................................32
Kelso et al., 2020 – Hidden reading difficulties: identifying children who are poor comprehenders33
Hc 6. Internationale vergelijking van onderwijs- en zorgsystemen.......................................................34
Website European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education.............................................36
Graham & Jahnukainen, 2011 – Wherefore art thou, inclusion? Analyzing the development of
inclusive education in New South Wales..........................................................................................36
OECD, 2012 – Special Educational Needs.........................................................................................37
Rix et al., 2013 – Exploring provision for children identified with special educational needs: an
international review of policy and practice......................................................................................37
Takala et al., 2009 – Inclusive special education: the role of special education teachers in Finland 38
Hc 7. Toepassing van dynamische systeemtheorie op ontwikkeling en opvoeding en pedagogische
engineering: een alternatieve benadering van interventiemogelijkheden...........................................39
Basisonderwijs vernieuwd doelgroepen model................................................................................40
Feldman, 2015 – Mutual influences between child emotion regulation and parent-child reciprocity
support development across the first 10 years of life: implications for developmental
psychopathology..............................................................................................................................40
Fischer, 2009 – Mind, brain, and education: building a scientific groundwork for learning and
teaching............................................................................................................................................42
Uncapher, 2018 – From the science of learning (and development) to learning engineering..........42

,Hc 1. Introductie van de cursus en conceptuele
oriëntatie op de potentieelbenadering en adaptieve
zorg en onderwijs
Nederlandse onderwijs- en zorgstelsel:
- Regulier onderwijs
- Speciaal basisonderwijs
- Speciaal (voortgezet) onderwijs:
o Cluster 1: blinde en slechtziende leerlingen
o Cluster 2: dove, slechthorende kinderen, spraak-taalstoornis
o Cluster 3: motorische en/of verstandelijke beperkte kinderen en langdurige zieke
kinderen
o Cluster 4: kinderen met gedragsstoornissen en/of psychiatrische problematiek
(neemt toe)
o Reboundvoorzieningen voor vroegtijdig schoolverlaters

Passend onderwijsbeleid (2014)
Doelstellingen:
- Minder bureaucratie voor zowel ouders als scholen
- Heldere verantwoordelijkheden en kostenbeheersing
- Meer hulp op maat, en meer thuisnabij
- Minderen leerlingen die thuiszitten
- “voor elke leerling een passend aanbod”
- Betere prestaties en betere loopbanen van leerlingen met extra onderwijsbehoeften

Er was behoefte naar een stelsel dat variëteit in oplossingen toelaat en de verantwoordelijkheid
daarvoor laat bij de professionals in het onderwijsveld.

Evaluatie:
- Doelgroep noch eindresultaat duidelijk geconcretiseerd
- Kostenbeheersing
- Minder bureaucratie
- Hulp sneller en meer op maat
- Ruimte voor onderwijsprofessionals wisselend gewaardeerd
- Aandachtspunt is ervaren belasting en ondersteuning leerkrachten en afstemming onderwijs
en jeugdhulp
- Thuiszitters hardnekkig probleem

Zorgplicht samenwerkingsverband
Drie doelen:
1. Verantwoordelijkheden helder beleggen
2. Ouders ontlasten
3. Thuiszitten voorkomen
Resultaten:
- Scholen en besturen zijn zich bewust van hun nieuwe taken, wel ruimte voor ‘weg adviseren’
(ontduiken zorgplicht)
- Niet duidelijk of ouders zijn ontlast. Ouders zijn niet op de hoogte of willen zelf kiezen
- Thuiszitten is niet voorkomen

Begrippen:

, - Separatie = kinderen worden apart gehouden van grote groep
- Exclusie = kinderen worden opgevangen buiten de grote groep
- Integratie = kinderen worden opgenomen in de grote groep
- Inclusie = alle kinderen zijn gelijk
- Leer- of ontwikkelingspotentieel = geheel aan mogelijkheden dat besloten ligt in een individu
maar dat voor realisatie daarvan afhankelijk is van de omgeving

Bio-ecologisch model (Bronfenbrenner & Ceci): actualisatie van genetische mogelijkheden door
‘proximale processen’: processen van steeds complexer wordende wederkerige interacties tussen
het individu en personen, objecten en symbolen in de nabije omgeving

Dynamische systeemtheorie (cantor et al.): menselijke ontwikkeling is afhankelijk van voortdurende
wederkerige relaties tussen individuele genetische, biologische, relationele en culturele en
contextuele invloeden

Beide theorieën gaan uit dat nurture ook nature kan beïnvloeden

Epigenetische adaptatie: biologisch proces waardoor geheel van relaties, ervaringen, percepties en
fysieke en chemische stoffen geïncorporeerd worden en die levenslang leren, gedrag, gezondheid en
neurale integratie beïnvloeden. (kortom: ontwikkeling als samenspel van genen, biologie en
omgeving

Science of learning: ontwikkeling van complexe vaardigheden, gebaseerd op gelaagdheid en
integratie van voorwaardelijke vaardigheden en domein-specifieke kennis en tevens de invloed van
contextuele factoren

Dynamisch cascade model van antisociale gedragsontwikkeling: kinderen met biologisch verankerde
problemen in impulscontrole en gedragsregulatie hebben vaak ouders met problemen in
gedragsmanagement, zodat die de problemen versterken en vervolgens in school leiden tot afwijzing
en conflicten. Kinderen ontwikkelen een defensieve houding, onttrekken zich aan peers, school en
ouders. Bij gebrek aan monitoring trekken jongeren naar deviante leeftijdsgenoten en wordt
probleemgedrag antisociaal.

3 tier system




Respons to intervention 3-tier system:
- Vraagt om expertiseontwikkeling binnen scholen
- Goed onderwijs werkt preventief: preventiepyramide
- Vroege identificatie en handelingsgericht werken
- Prestatiedruk, volle klassen en steeds meer leerlingen met zorgvragen
- Mindset leerkrachten, rolopvattingen

, - Ondersteuning in school

Animatie passend onderwijs
Uitgangspunt bij passend onderwijs is dat de mogelijkheid van leerlingen voorop worden gesteld. Dit
geldt voor zowel leerlingen met beperkingen als met talenten.
Het wordt als het kan uitgevoerd op een “gewone” school met waar nodig extra ondersteuning.

Scholen in een regio maken deel uit van het samenwerkingsverband. Het geld wordt verdeeld via het
samenwerkingsverband.

Animatie eindevaluatie passend onderwijs
Op verzoek van het ministerie van OCW heeft het NRO laten evalueren wat passend onderwijs heeft
veranderd.
Welke leerlingen welke ondersteuning krijgen wordt sinds passend onderwijs bepaald door regionale
samenwerkingsverbanden.
Bij ouders en leraren heeft passend onderwijs hoge verwachtingen gewekt.
- Leraren lopen tegen grenzen aan: ze vinden de problemen van leerlingen complexer
geworden
- Ouders zijn redelijk tevreden, maar sommigen ervaren bureaucratie of vinden het aanbod
voor hun kind niet passend

Cantor et al., 2019 – Malleability, plasticity, and individuality: How
children learn and develop in context
Knowledge about how children develop into whole individuals comes from diverse fields. There
exists a great need to align and synthesize this increasingly vast, field-specific body of knowledge
from biology, neuroscience, psychology, and the social sciences within a dynamic, holistic,
contextualized framework.

Developmental systems theories (DST) are a general theoretical perspective on development,
heredity, and evolution that departs from dichotomous views of development. It enables an
understanding of the rich complexity and “pervasive variability” in human development and activity
that previous stage-based theories could not, and is a response to the need for a developmental
theory that could explain patterns of both stability and variability in children’s performance across
diverse contexts.
It is built around two basic principles grounded in relational dynamic systems theory:
1. Multiple characteristics of individuals and context collaborate to produce all aspects of
behavior
2. Variability as well as stability in performance provide important information for
understanding human development

Key findings
- Human development depends upon the ongoing, reciprocal relation between individuals’
genetics, biology, relationships, and cultural and contextual influences. There is no
separation of nature and nurture. The life cycle of an organism is not prefigured in a genetic
program. Genes require signals to determine which processes are carried out, with social and
physical contexts influencing if, when, how and which genes are expressed.
- Each individual’s development is a dynamic progression over time. The brain is a complex
system whose own internal processes organize its functioning (“self-organization”). Genetic
and epigenetic processes, in concert with early experience, shape neuronal connections and
give rise to neural circuits that enable increasingly complex mental activities. Environmental

, and interpersonal experiences influence the growth of the brain throughout childhood and
well into adulthood. By enabling us to understand the variability in pathways for complex
skill development and performance, this approach paves the way for new, diverse
educational practices and strategies that are personalized to learners’ specific developmental
trajectories and needs.
- The human relationship is a primary process through which biological and contextual factors
mutually reinforce each other. Developmentally positive relationships are foundational to
healthy development, creating qualitative changes to a child’s genetic makeup and
establishing induvial pathways that serve as a foundation for lifelong learning and
adaptation.
- All children are vulnerable. In addition to risks and adversities, micro- and macro-ecologies
provide assets that foster resilience and accelerate healthy development and learning. Early
care and educational settings that provide developmentally rich relationships and
experiences can buffer the effects of stress and trauma, promote resilience, and foster
healthy development.
- Students are active agents in their own learning, with multiple neural, relational,
experiential, and contextual processes converging to produce their unique developmental
range and performance. This holistic, dynamic understanding of learning has important
implications for the design of personalized teaching and learning environments that can
support the development of the whole child. Instructional and curricular design can optimize
learning. High-support conditions that recognize students’ individual starting points and
strengths can facilitate deeper learning while increasing developmental range, performance,
and mastery. By preparing children to pay attention, follow rules, and actively engage in
learning, executive functions are fundamental to learning readiness and school success.

A powerful metaphor and framework through which to understand the dynamic interrelationships
between children’s development, knowledge, complex skill construction, and environmental
supports is that of the “constructive web”. This framework positions the student as an active agent in
his/her own learning; acknowledges the many relational, instructional, curricular, and environmental
factors that support or undermine learning; recognizes that skills – derived from affective, cognitive,
social, and emotional processes – do not emerge in isolation or a complete form, but rather
codevelop hierarchically through multiple domain specific practices in context; assumes the need for
effective scaffolding, sequencing, and pacing within a child’s unique developmental range; and
ultimately characterizes students’ learning trajectories as joint products of their individual attributes
and the dynamic web of contextual supports surrounding him/her over time.
Foundational skills and mindsets, such as self-regulation, executive function, intrapersonal
awareness, a sense of belonging, self-efficacy, and a growth mindset, contribute to learning success
and lay the groundwork for the acquisition of higher-order skills, such as agency, resilience, and self-
direction, all of which underpin the acquisition of domain-specific skills.
These integrated processes and skills influence and are influenced by other internal resources that
children bring to learning, including prior knowledge and experience.
Motivation is a psychological process that determines whether people begin a task, persist at it once
they have begun, and invest adequate mental effort to succeed. A useful framework through which
to understand the many factors that contribute to motivational challenges is the Belief-Control-
Expectancy (BCE) framework. Each of the four factors in the framework (values, self-efficacy,
emotions, and attribution errors) influences beliefs about control and expectancies for success, and
can impact a student’s ability to start, persist, or apply sufficient mental effort to complete and
succeed at a task.
Metacognition involves the awareness of one’s own thinking and learning. These skills enable
students to regulate their bidirectional relations with their contexts by processing, manipulating, and
refining information; organizing and recognize patterns in information; evaluate their thinking and

,learning strategies; intentionally transfer knowledge to new situations; and apply knowledge to solve
increasingly complex problems.


Conditions for learning
The internal resources that children bring to learning (including prior knowledge and experience,
integrated neural processes, motivation, and metacognitive skills) are nested within the conditions
for learning (CFL) that they experience. Students learn best when CFL promote motivation,
engagement, and purpose; ensure emotional, physical, and identity safety; and foster connection,
respect support and challenge.
Cultural competence and responsiveness can help build CFL that support learning and development
for all students. Cultural competence contributes to effective learning by addressing or preventing
factors that directly interfere with students’ learning and creating supportive environments and
personal readiness in adults to address cultural disconnects and disabling conditions. Like well-
designed social-emotional learning (SEL) and CFL, culturally responsive approaches create conditions
for engagement in productive, critical struggles with academic content by creating emotionally,
intellectually, and identity-safe environments.
Instructional and curricular design should foster active student engagement, combat the pedagogy of
poverty, and support rigorous academic capacity and efficacy. Students find it easier to acquire new
content knowledge in reference to prior knowledge and benefit from opportunities to explore
content at their own pace, based on their unique interests and developmental skill level. School and
instructional design should capitalize on the opportunities presented by the translation of
developmental science to practice – opportunities that require much closer, bidirectional
collaborations between researchers and education practitioners.

Science of stress
When we are threatened, our bodies protect us by a stress response, during which hormonal and
neurochemical systems are activated in the body. Although lifesaving in the face of acute danger,
these responses can cause damage when activated over long periods of time. Exposure to chronic,
unbuffered stress is associated with changes in brain structure.
There is a strong, graded link between exposure to childhood adversity and risk of negative health,
social, and emotional outcomes.
Chronic stress is associated with impairments in key brain centers, including the limbic system,
through processes that are mediated and modulated by the HPA axis. The functioning of such brain
regions is affected long before children start school and impacts key learning systems, including self-
regulation, executive functions, attention, memory, stress reactivity, and language.

Science of resilience
A developmental systems perspective on resilience involves:
1. Human adaptation and development in continuous, multilevel coactions with the
environment
2. Multiple interacting systems
3. A capacity for adaptation conceptualized at multiple levels
4. A capacity for adaptation in challenging circumstances involving multiple interacting systems
5. Manifestations of resilience reflecting both current and historical contexts
6. Self-organizing properties, including some that are not easily predictable
7. Dynamism (constant change and adaptation)
8. A recognition that resilience is not a fixed trait that an individual categorically possesses or
lacks, but rather it emerges through coaction with contextual, supportive, and relational
factors.

, Ledoux et al., 2020 – Evaluatie passend onderwijs, eindrapport mei
2020
Aanleiding passend onderwijs: passend onderwijs moest de oplossing zijn voor organisatorische
problemen in het onderwijs aan leerlingen met extra ondersteuningsbehoeften. De oplossingen zijn
gezocht in decentralisatie en budgetfinanciering.
Ook was het de bedoeling om ouders te ontzorgen, want het moest makkelijker voor ze worden om
een geschikte onderwijsplek voor hun kind te vinden. Dit is gedaan door het afschaffen van landelijke
systemen voor het indiceren van leerlingen met extra ondersteuningsbehoeften, de zorgplicht,
opstellen van een schoolondersteuningsprofiel, opstellen van een ontwikkelingsperspectiefplan en
bestuurlijke samenwerking tussen samenwerkingsverbanden en gemeenten.

Passend onderwijs heeft geleid tot een beter organisatie van de extra ondersteuning. Scholen
waarderen de beleidsvrijheid die ze hebben gekregen, maar zeggen wel nog last te hebben van
bureaucratie en soms een te krap budget. Voor leraren en ouders heeft de stelselwijziging de
verwachtingen niet waargemaakt.

Of leerlingen meer hulp op maat krijgen, valt niet goed vast te stellen. Dit komt doordat de
doelgroep van passend onderwijs niet is omschreven en betrouwbare registraties van leerlingen en
studenten met extra ondersteuning ontbreken.

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