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Unit 8: Physiology of Human Body Learning Aim A
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UNIT 8: PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMSLearning aim A: Understand the impact of disorders of the musculoskeletal
system and their associated corrective treatments
,The musculoskeletal system is a human body system that provides our body
with movement, stability, shape and support, the musculoskeletal system is
divided into two systems:
- Muscular system includes all muscles in the body, in particular the ones
that help the body joints to produce movement, apart from muscles the
muscular systems includes tendons which attach muscles to the bones.
- Skeletal system whose main component is the bone, bones articulate
with each other that form joints providing our bodies with a rigid
skeleton, the joints and the bones are supported by the structures of the
skeletal systems which are articular cartilage, ligaments and bursae.
The muscular system is an organ system composed of contractile tissue
called the muscle tissue. Muscle is one of the four tissue types of the body
and the body contains three types of muscle tissues:
- Cardiac muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
, Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the wall of the heart, where it performs
coordinated contractions that allows the heart to pump blood through the
circulatory system, however the cardiac muscle is involuntary.
The cardiac muscle cells form a highly branched cellular network in the heart,
they are connected end to end by intercalated discs and are organized into
layers of myocardial tissue that are wrapped around the chambers of the
heart, it usually has a single nucleus.
Skeletal muscle
This muscle is called a voluntary muscle, because there is a conscious control
over it, these muscles are attached to bone via tendons and are used to move
the skeleton.
The skeletal muscle moves joints by strong and rapid contractions, each
muscle consists of a large number of muscle fibres, the muscle is covered in a
connective tissue called the epimysium. Within the muscle, the cells are
collected into separate bundles called fascicles and each fascicle is covered in
it’s own connective tissue called perimysium, each wrapped in a fine
connective tissue layer called the endomysium, each of these connective
tissues runs the length of the muscle.
They bind the fibres into a highly organised structure and blend together at
each end of the muscle to form the tendon, which secures the muscle to the
bone.
The skeletal muscle cells are roughly cylindrical in shape, lying parallel to one
another, with a distinctive banded appearance consisting of alternate dark and
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