De samenvatting bevat alle hoofdstukken die behandeld werden in de les, nl.: H6, H7, H11, H12, H13 en H15. Het gaat om een uitgebreide, maar toch bondige en vlot te leren samenvatting compleet met voorbeelden die in de les aan bod kwamen.
Ik was geslaagd met enkel het leren van deze samenvatting.
SOCIALE COGNITIE EN
GROEPSPROCESSEN
Inhoudsopgave
H6: SOCIALE COGNITIE
1. sociale cognitie; een inleiding (schema’s)................................................................................................... 8
1.1 de sociaal cognitieve benadering....................................................................................................................8
de actieve waarnemer.......................................................................................................................................8
cognities: tussen stimulus en respons...............................................................................................................8
1.2 de geschiedenis van de sociale cognitie..........................................................................................................9
invloed van de functieleer.................................................................................................................................9
1.3 het schemabegrip............................................................................................................................................9
kenmerken van schema’s..................................................................................................................................9
1.4 effecten van schema’s op informatieverwerking..........................................................................................10
a. richten van aandacht...................................................................................................................................10
b. encoderen...................................................................................................................................................10
c. elaboratie.....................................................................................................................................................11
D. geheugen....................................................................................................................................................11
E. beoordeling.................................................................................................................................................13
F. gedrag..........................................................................................................................................................13
epiloog.............................................................................................................................................................13
2.1 geschiedenis van het onderzoek naar automatische processen...................................................................14
2.2 vier kenmerken van automaticiteit...............................................................................................................14
1. onbewust.....................................................................................................................................................15
2. efficiënt........................................................................................................................................................15
3. niet – intentioneel.......................................................................................................................................15
4. moeilijk te controleren................................................................................................................................15
controle...........................................................................................................................................................15
2.3 automaticiteit in evaluatie en affect.............................................................................................................16
2.3.1 automatische evaluatie..........................................................................................................................17
2.3.2 verschillen in verwerking van pos. en neg. informatie..........................................................................17
2.4 individuele verschillen in impliciete reacties.................................................................................................18
2.5 de feilbare en de onbewuste beslisser..........................................................................................................19
3. HOT cognition: affect, motivatie en cognitie............................................................................................. 21
3.1 affect: emoties en stemmingen.....................................................................................................................21
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, 3.2 de invloed van cognitie op affect..................................................................................................................22
3.2.1 betekenisgeving (appraisal)...................................................................................................................22
3.2.2 contrafeitelijk denken............................................................................................................................24
3.3 invloed van affect op cognitie.......................................................................................................................24
stemmingsinductiemethoden.........................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 affect-priming.........................................................................................................................................25
3.3.2 invloed van affect op informatieverwerking..........................................................................................25
3.3.3 affect infusie...........................................................................................................................................25
3.3.4 effecten van stemming vs emotie..........................................................................................................26
3.5 het voorspellen van toekomstig affect..........................................................................................................26
3.5 effect van motivatie op cognitie...................................................................................................................27
1.3 expliciete en impliciete atitudes....................................................................................................................29
1.4 het verband tussen atittudes en gedrag.......................................................................................................31
2. overreding door communicatie................................................................................................................ 31
2.1 twee wegen voor overreding........................................................................................................................31
De centrale weg...............................................................................................................................................31
de perifere weg...............................................................................................................................................32
2 routes tot overtuiging..................................................................................................................................32
Selectie van eeen weg.....................................................................................................................................32
2.2 de bron..........................................................................................................................................................33
Het slapend effect...........................................................................................................................................34
2.3 de boodschap................................................................................................................................................34
Effecten van volgorde en tijdstip....................................................................................................................35
Reacties op attitude-discrepante berichten....................................................................................................35
emotionele oproepen: afschrikkende boodschappen....................................................................................35
2.4 het publiek.....................................................................................................................................................35
Verwittigen en weerstand:..............................................................................................................................36
3. overtuigen door het eigen gedrag............................................................................................................. 36
3.2 toepassingen van dissonantietheorie op inspanningen en keuzes...............................................................38
justificatie van inspanning...............................................................................................................................38
justificatie van moeilijke keuzes......................................................................................................................38
3.3 randcondities van dissonantietheorie...........................................................................................................39
3.4 alternatieve wegen tot zelfovertuiging.........................................................................................................39
Vergelijking alternatieven:..............................................................................................................................39
2
,4. reclame en voorlichting............................................................................................................................ 40
4.1 subliminale beïnvloeding..............................................................................................................................40
Rol van motivatie:............................................................................................................................................40
Korte vs. lange termijn....................................................................................................................................40
4.2 stereotypen...................................................................................................................................................40
face-ism...........................................................................................................................................................41
evoluties in reclame en media?......................................................................................................................41
1. kenmerken van groepen........................................................................................................................... 43
1.1 basisfuncties van groepen.............................................................................................................................43
1.2 de groep als veilige haven.............................................................................................................................43
2.1 normen en rollen...........................................................................................................................................45
Rolverdeling.....................................................................................................................................................45
de media..........................................................................................................................................................46
2.2 de affectieve structuur van de groep............................................................................................................46
2.3 de communicatiestructuur............................................................................................................................46
2.4 groepssamenstelling en diversiteit...............................................................................................................47
3. macht en leiderschap............................................................................................................................... 48
3.5 beslissingen van de leider.............................................................................................................................51
procedurele eerlijkheid...................................................................................................................................51
4. de aanwezigheid van andere groepen....................................................................................................... 52
4.1 impact op groepsgedrag...............................................................................................................................52
4.2 impact op leiderschap...................................................................................................................................52
1.1 sociale facilitatie: als anderen ons opwinden...............................................................................................54
3 hypothesen:..................................................................................................................................................55
3
, 1.2 sociaal lijntrekken: als anderen ons helpen..................................................................................................55
Sociaal lijntrekken: motivatieverliezen...........................................................................................................56
Sociaal lijntrekken tegengaan.........................................................................................................................56
1.3 collectieve processen: een integratie............................................................................................................57
2. onenigheid en verschillende opties........................................................................................................... 57
3.3 vertekende steekproeftrekking.....................................................................................................................61
hidden profile en enkele bevindingen............................................................................................................62
3.4 groepsgeheugen: samen onthouden............................................................................................................63
3.6 strategieën die groepsefficiëntie verhogen..................................................................................................63
4. groepsdenken: het perspectief verliezen..................................................................................................64
4.1 het groepsdenken model..............................................................................................................................64
1. de tentakels van vooroordelen................................................................................................................. 65
1.1 subtiele en grove vooroordelen....................................................................................................................66
1.4 individuele verschillen in vooroordelen.........................................................................................................69
1.4.1 autoritarisme..........................................................................................................................................69
1.4.2 Sociale Dominantie Oriëntatie...............................................................................................................70
1.4.3 RWA en SDO...........................................................................................................................................70
1.4.5 de bevooroordeelde persoonlijkheid.....................................................................................................71
2. de wortels van vooroordelen.................................................................................................................... 72
2.1 competitie om schaarse middelen................................................................................................................72
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