Class notes
Lecture notes Risk Behavior and Addiction in Adolescence
- Course
- Institution
Lecture notes 1tm8 Risk Behavior and Addiction in Adolescence
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
inkikeizer
Content preview
Lecture 1: Introduction lecture + Implicit processes underlying substance use and addictionHow do we define Risk Behavior?
This depends on the substance.
- Behaviors that pose a risk to a healthy physical, cognitive, psychosocial development of
adolescents -> Substance use / other risk behaviors
Risk behavior is a factor that proceeds addiction:
What we tend to regard as ‘risk behavior’ depends on:
> Characteristics of the particular substance or behavior
- For instance, smoking versus gaming
> Cultural and societal norms
- Example: alcohol use in western versus Islamic cultures
> Scientific knowledge
- Example: knowledge on the risks of alcohol use for the cognitive development of
adolescents
COM-B model = 3 factors that predict Risk Behavior
Which (neurological) developments take place during adolescence?
, - Girls tend to grow earlier, the difference is about 1.5 year in which girls are growing
faster than boys from the age of 10 - 13. Being bullied is very damaging in this period
because it is important to feel seen to build a social identity formation.
Adolescence (± 10 - 24 years)
- Early adolescence (aged 10 - 13): physical growth, sexual maturation, psychosocial
development, social identity formation.
- Mid adolescence (aged 14 - 18 years): experimenting with risk behaviors, personal identity
formation.
- Late adolescence (aged 19 - 24): practicing adult roles
There is a strong growth in brain volume. There is an increase in white matter (connections)
whereas the gray matter is decreasing (nerve cells).
Pruning = loss of gray matter (if you don’t use it, you lose it)
With the increase in white matter, communication between brain regions strongly improves.
- Long term memory increases
- Capacity for abstract thinking/metacognition increases
Why is there a peak in risk behaviors during adolescence?
There is a peak in risk behaviors, risk behavior in adolescence follows an inverted U-shaped
curve.
,Neurological development in adolescence
The speed of the development of two different brain regions differs
There are two systems:
- The affective-motivational system (emotional brain) develops fast
- The control system (rational brain) develops slowly
1. The affective-motivational system (‘reward center’) is overactive in early and mid
adolescence
- Adolescents experience stronger positive emotions than adults when they receive
or anticipate a reward. This process is enhanced by testosterone.
2. Control system (rational brain)
- The rational brain develops slowly (until about 23 year)
- The rational brain plays an important role in the development of executive functions:
risk estimation, monitoring long-term goals, inhibit that the tendency to respond to
(short-term) possibilities for reward (impulse control, behavioral inhibition, self
control)
The tendency to respond to (short-term) possibilities for reward.
A theory that is discussing high reward sensitivity versus immature impulse control is the
Maturational Imbalance Model.
- Increased risk-taking during adolescence is a result of an imbalance between
motivational bottum-up versus controlling top-down processes.
, The horse and the rider metaphor = prefrontal cortex is the rider, because decisions are
mostly controlled by the prefrontal cortex.
How do we define risk behavior, psycho-active substances (drugs) and addiction?
> Psychoactive substances are chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier and
affect the function of the central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood, or
consciousness (high/euphoria, relaxation)
- Other characteristics of psychoactive substances: they often induce craving after (regular)
use, they often evoke loss of control after they have been used (regularly).
Psychoactive substances differ in:
- Type and strength of the psychoactive effect
- The degree to which they elicit craving and loss of control
How can we define addiction?
Sussman (2017) differentiates between intentional and extensional definitions of addiction:
- Intentional: these definitions aim to describe a causal addiction process.
- Extensional: a classification of characteristics of an addiction.
Substance use disorder (DSM-5) = recurrent use over the last 12 months AND meeting at
least two or more of the following criteria:
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller inkikeizer. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.83. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
51683 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now