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Cell Biology Essay Questions & Answers
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Outline answers to a sample of previous ICB exam questionsNote: The supplied model answers are just that - model answers with almost all the relevant
taught material included. They are a optional tool for your revision and a guide for assessors
and external examiners. Under exam conditions you might not include all the material listed
or you might bring in other relevant points (practising timed essays will show how much
you’ll have time to include). For a high mark, we’ d expect a good proportion of the outlined
material to be present (as described in the assessment criteria) but you are very welcome to
include other material from other courses and your own study if it is relevant i.e. beyond
containing the key facts and principles, there is no one correct way to write these answer
essays.
Question 1: Compare and contrast the signal pathways that are used by growth
hormone and transforming growth factor-β to activate target gene transcription. Use
annotated diagrams to illustrate your answer.
Outline Answer
Growth hormone (a monomeric protein) binds to the growth hormone receptor, which does
not have intrinsic enzymatic activity, but is non-covalently associated with a receptor-
associated Janus kinase (JAK). Upon hormone binding, the receptor dimerises and the two
JAKs phosphorylate each other and tyrosine residues in the growth hormone receptor.
STATs (signal transducers and
activators of transcription) are
recruited to the phosphorylated
receptor by virtue of their
phosphotyrosine-binding SH2
domains and become themselves
phosphorylated by the JAKs. The
phosphorylated STATs dissociate
from the receptor, dimerise via
their SH2 domains, and
translocate to the nucleus, where
they collaborate with regulatory proteins to induce target gene transcription. Growth
hormone also activates other pathways, but they were not discussed in the lecture.
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