Summary

Summary Notes summarizing the ATPL Theoretical courses for the “Meteorology” certificate

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Course
ATPL Théorique

Institution
ATPL Théorique

Notes summarizing the ATPL Theoretical courses of the “Meteorology” certificate and serving as support during the ATPL theoretical course

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Uploaded on October 3, 2022
Number of pages 50
Written in 2020/2021
Type Summary

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MET
1
–
THE
ATMOSPHERE

CONVERSION
FACTORS
LAPSE
RATES
TROPOPAUSE

• 1
nm
=
6080
ft
=
1.852
km
• Normal
+ve
lapse
rate.
(Decreases
approx
• Separates
troposphere
from
stratosphere

• 1
m
=
3.28
ft
(x3,
+
10%)
20C
/
1000ft)
• Marks
the
point
where
temperature
stops

• Surface
inversion,
-‐ve
lapse
rate.
falling
(average
-‐56.5
/
11km
(36,000ft).

• Inversion
aloft,
+ve
lapse
rate
• Height
varies
with
temperature.

COMPOSITION
• Isothermal
(no
change
with
altitude)
• At
poles:
25,000
ft
/
7.5
km
/
Surface
-‐100C
/

Tropo
Temp
-‐450C

• Atmosphere
has
no
specific
upper
limit.
• Equator:
55,000ft
/
17
km
/
Surface
+400C
/

• Nitrogen
(N2)

78%
Tropo
Temp
-‐750C

• Oxygen
(O2)

21%
• The
‘steps’
in
the
tropopause
give
rise
to

• Argon
(A)

0.93%
strong
upper
winds
(jet
sreams)

• Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
0.03%
• Higher
in
summer
compared
to
winter.

• Hydrogen
(H)
Trace
STRATOSPHERE

• Ozone
(O3)

Filters
and
absorbs
UV

• Water
Vap
(H2O)
Gas
state
of
water
• Isothermal
then
an
increase
with
height
due
to

• Solid
particles
Pollution*
Ozone
layer
heating.

• Only
contains
about
1%
of
atmospheres
water

vapour
so
is
absolutely
stable
with
very
little

• Concentration
%
of
gases
remains
constant

weather.

with
the
exception
of
water
vapour
which

• Stratosphere
extends
from
11
km
–
50
km
at

decreases
with
altitude.
mid
latitudes.

TRPOPOSPHERE
• Reaches
00C
at
stratopause.

VARIATIONS
WITH
HEIGHT

• Almost
all
water
vapour
within
the

• Pressure
decreases
with
height.
atmosphere
is
contained
here
and
hence

• Density
decreases
with
height.
this
is
where
most
of
the
weather
occurs.

• Temperature
varies
with
height.
• +ve
lapse
rate

ATMOSPHERIC
PROPERTIES

• Air
is
a
poor
conductor
of
heat.

• The

gases
within
the
atmosphere
obey
the

gas
laws.

, MET
3
–
HEAT
&
TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE
SCALES
SOLAR
RADIATION
HEAT
TRANSFER

• Celsius
:
Freeze
0
C
/
Boil
100
0
C

0
• Short
wave
radiation
• Conduction

• Farenheight:
Freeze
32
0
F
/
Boil
212
0
F
• Only
occurs
during
daytime
• Convection
(due
density
changes)

• Kelvin:
Freeze
273
K
/
Boil
373
K
• Only
about
45%
of
the
radiation
actually
• Advection
(horizontal
movement
of
air)

reaches
the
surface
of
the
earth:
• Latent
heat
(absorbed
if
melt
/
evaporate)

!
• C
à
F:
!𝐶 𝑥 !! + 32
o Absorbed
by
atmosphere
and
clouds

o Scattered
by
atmosphere
• Irregular
mixing
of
convection
and

• C
à
K:
+273
(Approx
double,
add
30)

o Scattered
and
reflected
by
clouds
advection
gives
rise
to
turbulence.

o Reflected
by
earth
(albedo
effect
–

• Celsius
is
used
for
meteorological
purposes
greatest
snow
/
smallest
rainforest)

• Heats
the
surface
of
the
earth
which
then
DIURNAL
VARIATION

REPORTING
TEMPERATURE
heats
the
air
through
conduction
etc.

• Daily
changes
of
temperature
=
DV

• Temperature
is
rounded
when
reported.

INSOLATION
• Max
temp
=
Noon
+
2
Hrs

• 2.2
becomes
2

• Min
temp
=
Sunrise
+
30
mins

• 2.5
becomes
3

• The
amount
of
solar
radiation
incident
on
a
• Factors
affecting
DV:

• -‐2.5
becomes
M2

unit
area
of
the
earth’s
surface.
o Wind
–
Strong
wind
reduces
max
+
min

• -‐0.5
becomes
M0

• Affected
by:
o Cloud
–
Clouds
reduces
max
+
min

o Angle
of
incidence
(wider
at
poles)
o Surface
–
Oceans
have
very
small
DV,

MEASURING
TEMPERATURE
o Nature
of
surface
(sand
vs
water)
deserts
have
the
max
DV.

o Transparency
of
atmos.
(cloud,
dust)
• Max
DV
occurs
(inversion
also
likely)
with:

• Measured
with
a
Stevenson
Screen.
o Calm
winds

• Measured
at
a
height
of
4ft
AGL
(avoids
o Clear
conditions

ground
heating).
RADIATION
FROM
EARTH
o Over
land
(especially
dry
ground)

• Long
wave
radiation

NOCTURNAL
/
TERRESTRIAL
• Occurs
24
Hrs

RADIATION
INVERSION
• Negligible
during
day
due
to
solar
radiation.

• Net
outflow
of
heat
at
night
=
surface
cools

• Occurs
with
weak
winds
and
• Too
high
concentrations
of
carbon
dioxide
and

clear
skies
at
night.
water
vapour
(greenhouse
gases)
act
like
a

• Creates
a
large
outbound
radiation
blanket
and
can
leading
to
warming.

and

surface
is
cooled.
• A
calm
and
clear
night
will
be
cooler
than
a

cloudy
night
as
radiation
from
Earth’s
surface
is

• Warmer
air
above
leads
to
an
allowed
to
slip
into
space.

inversion.

,
MET
2
–
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ATMOSPHERE

LATENT
HEAT
ISA
TEMPERATURE
ISA
PRESSURE

Water
Vapour
• MSL
Temp
=
+15
0C
• MSL
Pressure
=
1013.25
hPa
/
29.92
in
Hg

Liquid
• +
ve
Lapse
Rate
(MSL
–
11km)
• Lapse
Rate
(MSL
–
5.5
km)

Solid
o 1.980C
/
1000
ft
||
6.50C
/
1
km
o 27
ft/
hPa
||
8
m
/
hPa

• Lapse
Rate
(11
–
20
km):
-‐56.5
0C
• Lapse
Rate
(5.5
km
+):

• Going
up
the
steps
requires
energy
so
latent
• +
ve
Lapse
Rate
(20
–
32km)
o 50
ft/
hPa
||
15
m
/
hPa

heat
is
absorbed.
o 0.30C
/
1000
ft
||
10C
/
1
km
• Half
Pressure
=
5.5
km
/
18,000
ft

• Substance
stays
the
same
temperature
but
o A.K.A
Inversion
o =>
Half
the
mass
of
the
atmosphere
can

the
temperature
of
the
surroundings
is

be
found
in
the
lowest
5.5
km
(EASA
use

changed.
5km
sometimes)

• Convection
and
condensation
contribute

most
to
atmospheric
waraming.

• Polar
00
isotherm:
0
ft

• Temperate
00
isotherm:
6,000
–
10,000
ft

• Tropical
00C
isotherm:
16,000
–
18,000
ft
ISA
PRESSURE
VALUES

JSA
• 30,000
ft

300
hPa

• 18,000
ft

500
hPa

• Jet
Standard
Atmosphere
• 10,000
ft

700
hPa

WHY
ISA?
• 5,000
ft

850
hPa

• Constant
20C
/
1000
ft
for
planning

• 0
ft

1013.25
hPa

• International
Standard

• Relate
performance
of
a/c
to
know
values
ISA
DENSITY

• Calibration
of
pressure
instruments

ISA
DEVIATION

• Manufacture
and
testing
of
a/c
• MSL
Density
=
1.225
kg
/
m3

• Half
Density
=
20,000
ft
• ISA
Deviation
=
Ambient
(OAT)
-‐
ISA

,
MET
4
–
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE

VARIATION
OF
PRESSURE
WITH
HEIGHT
APLR
DIURNAL
VARIATION

• The
rate
of
pressure
decrease
will
reduce
• Ambient
Pressure
Lapse
Rate
• Amplitude
greatest
at
equator
(~
3
hPa)

as
height
increases.
𝟗𝟔𝑲
• 𝑨𝑷𝑳𝑹 = 𝑷
• Mid
Latitudes:
~
0.5
–
1
hPa

• As
altitude
increases,
the
weight
of
the
• Poles:
Negligible

• K
=
Mean
temperature
in
Kelvin

atmosphere
above
you
will
decrease.

• P
=
Mean
pressure

• Pressure
at
MSL
is
1000
hPa
and
temperature

PRESSURE
VARIATION
WITH
is
+20
0C.
An
aircraft
is
flying
at
the
910
hPa

TEMPERATURE
level
where
temperature
is
-‐6
0C.
What
height

is
it
flying
at?

• Cold
air
is
more
dense
so
more
rapid
• Mean
pressure
=
(1000-‐910)/2
=
955
hPa

decrease
in
pressure
with
height.
• Mean
temperature
=
[(20)+(-‐6)]/2
=
+7
=

• Warm
air
is
less
dense
so
slower
decrease
280
K
PRESSURE
MEASUREMENTS

in
pressure
with
height
(compared
to
ISA).
• APLR
=
[(96x280)/955]
=
28.15
ft
/
hPa

• When
flying
from
ISA
to
colder
air,
aircraft
• Pressure
difference
is
(1000
–
910)
=
90
hPa
• QFE:
Pressure
observed
at
a
specific

will
descend
but
still
show
18,000ft.
High
to
• 90
x
28.15
=
2533.5
ft
AMSL
location
with
a
datum
of
0
ft.

low,
watch
out
below!

• QFF:
QFE
changed
to
MSL
pressure
using

• The
pressure
in
a
column
of
warm
air
is
• An
APLR
<
27’
/
hPa
=
Cold
Air
APLR.
Used
on
synoptic
chart.

likely
to
be
greater
than
the
pressure
at
the
• An
APLR
>
27’
/
hPa
=
Warm
Air
!"#$"%&' !"#$!!
o +/ − 𝑄𝐹𝐸 = 𝑄𝐹𝐹

same
height
in
a
cold
column
of
air.

!"#$
o 𝐴dd
if
airfield
is
above
MSL

• Shortest
distance
between
two
pressure
• QNH:
QFE
changed
to
MSL
pressure
using

levels
occurs
when
pressure
increases
and
ISA
lapse
rates.

temperature
decreases.
!"#$"%&' !"#$!!
o !"
+/ − 𝑄𝐹𝐸 = 𝑄𝑁𝐻

o 𝐴dd
if
airfield
is
above
MSL

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