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Samenvatting theorie Bovenste Extremiteit en Cervicothoracale Regio

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Uitgebreide samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges van het vak 'Bovenste Extremiteit en Cervicothoracale Regio'

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  • October 4, 2022
  • 408
  • 2021/2022
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Universiteit Antwerpen

Academiejaar 2021 - 2022

Faculteit Geneeskunde en Gezondheidswetenschappen

Master Revalidatiewetenschappen en Kinesitherapie




Bovenste extremiteit en
cervicothoracale regio




1

,THEORIE




2

,INHOUD

0. Basisbegrippen klinimetrie ................................................................................................................................ 12
1. Concepten klinisch redeneren en screening ..................................................................................................... 16
1.0. Inleiding ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.0.1. Inleidend voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................ 16
1.0.2. Definitie nekklachten .......................................................................................................................... 23
1.0.3. Epidemiologie nekklachten ................................................................................................................. 24
1.0.4. Risicofactoren nekklachten ................................................................................................................. 26
1.0.5. Natuurlijk beloop nekklachten ............................................................................................................ 27
1.1. Verschillende classificaties ......................................................................................................................... 28
1.1.1. Waarom classificeren we? .................................................................................................................. 28
1.1.2. Classificatie nekklachten ..................................................................................................................... 28
1.2. Methodisch handelen ................................................................................................................................ 43
1.2.1. Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 43
1.2.2. Verwijzing en aanmelding ................................................................................................................... 52
1.2.3. Anamnese ........................................................................................................................................... 52
1.2.4. Klinisch onderzoek .............................................................................................................................. 53
1.2.5. Voorbeelden ........................................................................................................................................ 60
1.3. Klinische beslisregels .................................................................................................................................. 62
1.3.1. Canadian C-spine rule ......................................................................................................................... 62
1.3.2. NEXUS.................................................................................................................................................. 64
1.3.3. Osteoporosis Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................ 64
1.4. Anamnestische informatie ......................................................................................................................... 65
1.4.1. Gerefereerde pijn ................................................................................................................................ 65
2. Klinische anatomie en biomechanica ................................................................................................................ 70
2.0 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 79
2.0.1 Bewegingsregio’s............................................................................................................................. 79
2.0.2 Krommingen van de wervelkolom .................................................................................................. 80
2.0.3 Belangrijke spieren ............................................................................................................................... 80
2.1 Frontale vlak en sagitale vlak............................................................................................................... 85
2.2 De cervicale wervelkolom.................................................................................................................... 88
2.2.1 Beenderige structuren .................................................................................................................... 88
2.2.2 Gewrichten ...................................................................................................................................... 89
2.2.3 Verhouding tussen discus en corpus ............................................................................................... 91
2.2.4 Kapsuloligamentaire structuren ...................................................................................................... 92
2.2.5 Biomechanische aspecten ............................................................................................................... 93


3

, 2.2.6. Biomechanica canalis vertebralis ........................................................................................................ 99
2.3 De thoracale wervelkolom ................................................................................................................ 100
2.3.1 Beenderige structuren .................................................................................................................. 101
2.3.2 De gewrichten ............................................................................................................................... 101
2.3.3 Verhouding discus en corpus ........................................................................................................ 103
2.3.4 Capsuloligamentair systeem ......................................................................................................... 103
2.2.6 Biomechanische aspecten ............................................................................................................. 103
2.4 Pijngebieden.............................................................................................................................................. 108
2.5 Casuïstiek .................................................................................................................................................. 109
2.5.1. Klinisch voorbeeld 1 .......................................................................................................................... 109
2.5.2 Klinisch voorbeeld 2 ........................................................................................................................... 110
2.5.3 Klinisch voorbeeld 3 ........................................................................................................................... 111
2.5.4. Klinisch voorbeeld 4 .......................................................................................................................... 111
3. Neuromusculaire controle .............................................................................................................................. 112
3.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 112
3.1.1. Neuromusculaire stoornissen ........................................................................................................... 112
3.1.2. Structurele musculaire veranderingen .............................................................................................. 112
3.2. Neuromusculaire veranderingen ......................................................................................................... 113
3.2.1. Spieractivatie..................................................................................................................................... 114
3.2.2. Structurele veranderingen ................................................................................................................ 126
3.3. Therapeutische implicaties ...................................................................................................................... 128
3.4. Therapie (specifiek oefenen).................................................................................................................... 131
3.4.1. Diepe nekflexoren ............................................................................................................................. 131
3.4.2. Diepe extensoren .............................................................................................................................. 135
3.4.3. Suboccipitale spieren ........................................................................................................................ 139
3.5. Therapie effect ......................................................................................................................................... 140
3.5.1. Jull et al. (2009) ................................................................................................................................. 140
3.5.2. Beer et al. (2012) ............................................................................................................................... 142
3.5.3. Ludvigsson et al. (2016)..................................................................................................................... 143
3.5.4. Jull et al. (2002) ................................................................................................................................. 150
3.5.5. Kay et al. (2005) ................................................................................................................................ 151
3.5.6. Gross et al. (2010, 2011) ................................................................................................................... 151
3.5.7. Miller et al. (2010) ............................................................................................................................. 152
4. WAD (graad II) en outcome assessment ......................................................................................................... 153
4.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 153
4.1.1. Classificatie ........................................................................................................................................ 153
4.1.2. WAD als een letsel ............................................................................................................................ 154

4

, 4.1.3. Kinematica, kinetica en biomechanica .............................................................................................. 156
4.1.4. Incidentie .......................................................................................................................................... 157
4.1.5. Beloop ............................................................................................................................................... 157
4.2. Onderliggend pathofysiologisch model ................................................................................................... 165
4.2.1. Pijn processing .................................................................................................................................. 165
4.2.2. Vervetting.......................................................................................................................................... 166
4.2.3. Duizeligheid ....................................................................................................................................... 167
4.3. WAD Management ................................................................................................................................... 168
5. Nekklachten met uitstraling (graad III) ........................................................................................................... 172
5.1. Cervicale radiculopathie ........................................................................................................................... 173
5.1.1. Symptomen en lokalisatie ................................................................................................................. 173
5.1.2. Oorzaken van het radiculair syndroom ............................................................................................. 174
5.1.3. Onderliggende proces ....................................................................................................................... 175
5.1.4. Diagnose ............................................................................................................................................ 176
5.1.5. Behandeling van specifieke nekklachten .......................................................................................... 179
5.2. Entrapment neuropathieën ..................................................................................................................... 182
5.2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 182
5.2.2. ULTT .................................................................................................................................................. 184
5.2.3. Neurogene mobilisaties .................................................................................................................... 186
6. Prognose en Outcome assessment ................................................................................................................. 187
6.1. Prognostiek .............................................................................................................................................. 187
6.1.1. Start Back Tool - Neck ....................................................................................................................... 188
6.2. Outcome assessment ............................................................................................................................... 193
6.2.1. Waarom? ........................................................................................................................................... 193
6.2.2. Welke parameters kan je evalueren? ............................................................................................... 193
6.3.1. Welke outcomes worden gebruikt door therapeuten? .................................................................... 193
Algemene inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 201
1. Subacromiale schouderpijn ............................................................................................................................. 202
1.1. Korte herhaling anatomie ........................................................................................................................ 202
1.2. Wat is een subacromiale schouder? ........................................................................................................ 205
1.3. Meest aangedane structuren? ................................................................................................................. 206
1.4. Verschillende typen.................................................................................................................................. 207
1.5. Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................................... 208
1.5.1. Overbelasting van de pezen in de subacromiale ruimte (M. Supraspinatus en M. Biceps Brachii Caput
Longum) ...................................................................................................................................................... 208
1.5.2. Zwakte van de Rotator Cuff musculatuur ......................................................................................... 208
1.5.3. Instabiliteit ........................................................................................................................................ 209


5

, 1.5.4. Posterieure kapselstijfheid ................................................................................................................ 209
1.5.5. Posturaal verval ................................................................................................................................. 209
1.5.6. Afwijkingen van het art. acromioclaviculare ..................................................................................... 209
1.6. Anamnese en klinische symptomatologie ................................................................................................ 210
1.7. Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 211
1.8. Differentiaaldiagnose ............................................................................................................................... 219
1.8.1. Dislocatie - subluxatie ....................................................................................................................... 220
1.8.2. Glenohumerale instabiliteit .............................................................................................................. 220
1.8.3. AC artritis .......................................................................................................................................... 221
1.8.4. Frozen shoulder ................................................................................................................................ 222
1.8.5. Osteoartritis ...................................................................................................................................... 222
1.8.6. Rotator Cuff scheuren ....................................................................................................................... 222
1.8.7. Fracturen ........................................................................................................................................... 223
1.9. Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................. 224
1.9.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 224
2. Scapulair dyskinesie ........................................................................................................................................ 225
2.0. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 225
2.1. Herhaling anatomie .................................................................................................................................. 226
2.1.1. Scapulothoracaal ritme ..................................................................................................................... 227
2.2. Quid, wat is een scapulaire dyskinesie? ................................................................................................... 228
2.2.1. Is SD het effect van schouder pijn? ................................................................................................... 229
2.2.2. Is SD de oorzaak van schouderpijn? .................................................................................................. 231
2.3. Invloed van training load (Moller et al. 2017) .......................................................................................... 232
2.4. Onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................ 233
2.5. Scapulothoracale revalidatie .................................................................................................................... 235
2.5.1. Oefentherapie ................................................................................................................................... 237
2.5.2. Glenohumerale manuele therapie .................................................................................................... 238
2.5.3. Conclusie betreffende de revalidatie van RCRSP .............................................................................. 238
3. Frozen shoulder .............................................................................................................................................. 239
3.1. Wat is een Frozen Shoulder? ................................................................................................................... 239
3.2. Verschillende stadia ................................................................................................................................. 240
3.2.1. Toepassingen indeling op basis van reactiviteit ................................................................................ 242
3.3. Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................................... 243
3.3.1. Myofibroblasten ................................................................................................................................ 244
3.3.2. Fibroblasten ...................................................................................................................................... 244
3.3.3. Matrix Metallo Proteïnasen .............................................................................................................. 245
3.4. Anamnese en klinische symptomatologie ................................................................................................ 246

6

, 3.5. Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 246
3.6. Differentiaaldiagnose ............................................................................................................................... 250
3.7. Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................. 251
4. Schouder instabiliteit: Diagnose en management .......................................................................................... 259
4.1. Relevante anatomie ................................................................................................................................. 259
4.1.1. Statische stabilisatoren ..................................................................................................................... 259
4.1.2. Dynamische stabilisatoren ................................................................................................................ 260
4.1.3 Scapula – clavicula .............................................................................................................................. 260
4.2. Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 261
4.2.1. Klinische classificatie ......................................................................................................................... 261
4.2.2. Klinisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 261
4.3. Diagnostische beeldvorming .................................................................................................................... 265
4.3.1. Acute dislocatie ................................................................................................................................. 265
4.4. Chirurgische besluitsvorming ................................................................................................................... 268
4.4.1. Bij een eerste luxatie ......................................................................................................................... 268
4.4.2. Soft tissue or Bony Procedure? ......................................................................................................... 270
5. Massieve en onherstelbare scheuren in de rotator cuff: alternatieve behandelingsopties ........................... 273
5.1. Definitie .................................................................................................................................................... 273
5.2. Atrofie en vet infiltratie ............................................................................................................................ 273
5.3. Klinische implicaties ................................................................................................................................. 275
5.3.1. Kracht koppels ................................................................................................................................... 275
5.3.2. Scenario 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 276
5.3.3. Scenario 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 277
5.3.4. Scenario 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 278
5.4. Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 280
6. Revalidatie na arthroplastie van de schouder................................................................................................. 281
6.1. Postoperatieve behandeling na schouderprothese ................................................................................. 281
6.1.1. Populatie en veroudering .................................................................................................................. 281
6.2. Totale gewrichtsprothese: een succesverhaal ......................................................................................... 283
6.2.1. Hoe gaan we complicaties en overname terugwinnen (kosten besparen) ....................................... 283
6.3. Gewrichtsprothese anno 2017 ................................................................................................................. 284
6.3.1. Schouderprothese ............................................................................................................................. 284
6.3.2. Epidemiologie van de schouderprothese .......................................................................................... 284
6.3.3. Indicaties voor een schouderprothese.............................................................................................. 285
6.3.4. Algemene doeleinden van een schouderprothese ........................................................................... 286
6.3.5. De verschillende typen schouderprotheses ...................................................................................... 287
6.4. Chirurgische aanpak ................................................................................................................................. 291

7

, 6.4.1. Resultaten ......................................................................................................................................... 292
6.4.2. Complicaties ...................................................................................................................................... 292
6.5. Algemene revalidatieprincipes na een gewrichtsprothese ...................................................................... 293
6.5.1. 4 hoofdvoorspellers voor een positief behandelingsresultaat ......................................................... 293
6.5.2. Het succes hangt af van .................................................................................................................... 293
6.5.3. Algemene principes bij de revalidatie na een schouderprothese ..................................................... 294
6.5.4. Assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 294
6.5.5. Revalidatie na een totale schouderprothese .................................................................................... 297
6.5.6. Revalidatie na een schouderprothese............................................................................................... 297
6.6. Het verschil in revalidatie tussen een algemene totale schouderprothese en een omgekeerde totale
schouderprothese ........................................................................................................................................... 301
6.6.1. Prognose ........................................................................................................................................... 301
6.6.2. Conservatieve en postoperatieve behandeling van RC-pathologie .................................................. 302
1. Anatomie van de elleboog .............................................................................................................................. 305
1.1. De Humerus ............................................................................................................................................. 305
1.1.1. Hoeken Humerus .............................................................................................................................. 305
1.2. De Ulna ..................................................................................................................................................... 307
1.2.1. Het olecranon .................................................................................................................................... 307
1.2.2. Incisura trochlearis ............................................................................................................................ 308
1.2.3. Olecranon .......................................................................................................................................... 308
1.2.4. Incisura radialis ................................................................................................................................. 308
1.3. De radius .................................................................................................................................................. 309
1.4. Gewrichten van het ellebooggewricht ..................................................................................................... 310
1.4.1. Art. cubiti........................................................................................................................................... 310
1.4.2. Art. humero-ulnaris ........................................................................................................................... 314
1.4.3. Art. humero-radialis .......................................................................................................................... 316
1.4.4. Art. radio-ulnaris proximalis .............................................................................................................. 317
1.4.5. Art. radio-ulnaris distalis ................................................................................................................... 318
1.5. Ligamenten van het ellebooggewricht ..................................................................................................... 320
1.6. Neurovasculair ......................................................................................................................................... 321
1.7. Bloedvaten van de elleboog ..................................................................................................................... 322
1.8. Bursa ........................................................................................................................................................ 322
1.9. Spieren ..................................................................................................................................................... 323
2. Biomechanica van de elleboog ....................................................................................................................... 324
2.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 324
2.1.1. Mobiliteit ........................................................................................................................................... 324
2.1.2. Load transfer ..................................................................................................................................... 325


8

, 2.1.3. Stabiliteit ........................................................................................................................................... 325
3. Zenuwen van de elleboog ............................................................................................................................... 331
3.1. N. Ulnaris .................................................................................................................................................. 331
3.1.1. Etiologie ............................................................................................................................................ 331
3.1.2. Symptomen ....................................................................................................................................... 331
3.1.3. Klinisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................................ 332
3.1.4. Behandeling ...................................................................................................................................... 332
3.1.5. Snapping ulnaris/Triceps ................................................................................................................... 333
3.2. N. Radialis ................................................................................................................................................. 334
3.2.1. N. radialis in de onderarm ................................................................................................................. 334
3.3. Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 336
4. Stijfheid van de elleboog ................................................................................................................................. 337
4.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 337
4.1.1. Anatomische classificatie .................................................................................................................. 337
4.1.2. Klinische evaluatie ............................................................................................................................. 338
4.1.3. Behandeling ...................................................................................................................................... 338
5. Elleboog instabiliteit........................................................................................................................................ 341
5.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 341
5.1.1. Complexe instabiliteit vs. simpele instabiliteit .................................................................................. 341
5.1.2. Acute instabiliteit .............................................................................................................................. 343
5.1.3. Chronische instabiliteit ..................................................................................................................... 344
5.1.4. Blessure van de mediale elleboog ..................................................................................................... 345
5.1.5. Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 346
6. Elleboog tendinopathie ................................................................................................................................... 347
6.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 347
6.1.1. Etiologie ............................................................................................................................................ 347
6.1.2. Tenniselleboog .................................................................................................................................. 347
6.1.2.3. Klinisch onderzoek ......................................................................................................................... 347
6.1.3. Golferselleboog (mediale epicoldylosis) ........................................................................................... 350
6.1.4. Lateraal vs. mediaal........................................................................................................................... 350
6.1.5. Beeldvorming als onderzoek voor tennis en golfers elleboog .......................................................... 351
6.1.5. De biceps pees .................................................................................................................................. 351
6.1.6. Onderscheid tussen bursitis, tendinose en partiële ruptuur van de M. Biceps Brachii .................... 352
6.1.7. De triceps pees .................................................................................................................................. 354
7. Elleboog fracturen ........................................................................................................................................... 355
7.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 355
7.2. Radiuskop ............................................................................................................................................. 355

9

, 7.2.1. Mechanisme ...................................................................................................................................... 355
7.2.2. Behandeling ...................................................................................................................................... 356
7.2.3. Typen fracturen ................................................................................................................................. 356
7.2.4. Samenvattend ................................................................................................................................... 357
7.3. Proximale ulna.......................................................................................................................................... 358
7.3.1. Olecranon fracturen .......................................................................................................................... 358
7.3.2. Processus coronoideus ...................................................................................................................... 360
7.3.3. Terrible triad ..................................................................................................................................... 360
7.4. Distale humerus ....................................................................................................................................... 361
7.4.1. Demografie........................................................................................................................................ 361
7.4.2. Behandeling ...................................................................................................................................... 361
7.5. Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................. 362
8. Elleboog artroscopie ....................................................................................................................................... 363
8.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 363
8.2. Safety tips ................................................................................................................................................. 364
8.2.1. Positionering ..................................................................................................................................... 364
8.2.2. Nervus ulnaris ................................................................................................................................... 364
8.2.3. Distension Fluid/air ........................................................................................................................... 364
8.2.4. Subluxatie Nervus ulnaris .................................................................................................................. 365
8.2.5. Lateral portal ..................................................................................................................................... 365
8.3. Indicaties voor een elleboog artroscopie ................................................................................................. 365
8.4. Tips om te starten met een elleboog artroscopie .................................................................................... 366
9. Laterale elleboog tendinopathie ..................................................................................................................... 367
9.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................... 367
9.1.1. Laterale elleboog tendinopathie ....................................................................................................... 367
9.1.2. Wat weten we over een tendinopathie? .......................................................................................... 368
9.2. Korte herhaling anatomie ........................................................................................................................ 374
9.3. Pathofysiologie ......................................................................................................................................... 374
9.3. Anamnese en klinische symptomatologie ............................................................................................ 375
9.4. Klinisch onderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 376
9.5. Differentiaaldiagnose ............................................................................................................................... 378
9.5.1. Screening voor spondylitis ankylosans .............................................................................................. 378
9.6. Prognose inschatten................................................................................................................................. 379
9.6. Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................. 382
9.6.1. Educatie............................................................................................................................................. 382
9.6.2. Steroïde injecties ............................................................................................................................... 382
9.6.3. Oefentherapie ................................................................................................................................... 383

10

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