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Summary 2.3 - History & methods of Psychology $5.42   Add to cart

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Summary 2.3 - History & methods of Psychology

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  • October 10, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
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Problem 1

Plato
- Was a dualist whereby there was a world of forms (the purest representation of an object)
vs the world of being (what is seen) i.e the materialistic world
- Nativist & rationalist: we were born with the truth but in order to find it out we need to
rationalize to reach it
 Learning is a process of recollecting memories of forms
- 2 characteristics of truth and knowledge for plato
o Truth is in all time and places**
o Truth is justified rationally (thinking)
- Since ‘forms’ are the purest quintessential embodiment of the material version it cannot
be displayed – it is out of reach. It can only be described through metaphors
o ‘Simile of the sun’: where the sun is the 3rrd needed element for people to see
 The eyes have the light which helps us see
 What the sun is to our eyes is what the good is in our lives helps us see
o ‘Analogy of the divided
line’: represents the
hierarchy of knowledge
 Images: looking and
imagining objects
(poor)
 Belief: looking at
the imagined object
(poor)
 Thinking: quick
maffs  not
entirely true (poor)
 The forms: ideal,
perfect never been
done before
o ‘Allegory of the cave’
 The human soul is
trapped in the cave (cave is our meat bags and the culture we know)
 We must escape the cave to see the truth (form)
 Good news: we eventually can see the truth through education
 Bad news: it is a difficult and dangerous path also not everyone is down
for that
o ‘Ladder of love’: easiest path to the world of the truth
 We move from physical love (lust) to loving the soul
 We lust over a beautiful body
 Realization that all bodies are the same (flesh and bone)
 Love of the soul/knowledge (go deeper)
- There are different classes (castes) therefore different/hierarchy souls
o Rational soul: in the head  soul of the guardian (fit to rule) and always strives
to learn more
o Spirited soul: in the chest  motivated by glory and fame (commodorus)
o Desire soul: located in the belly  desire: hunger money, lust, no interest in
philosophy (the productive class) hard to tame
- Chariot analogy  kind of like freud’s ego etc.

, o Essentially, we have all three, but our rational soul is the chariot, and we need to
control the other 2 horses for a balanced role
- Learning according to plato: as mentioned we learn through recollection/remembering
o The soul is born in heaven  we have already seen the world of forms
o But when we are born, we forget it all
o Therefore, learning is a journey to recollect these memories of the forms (gotta
catch em all)
Aristotle
- From forms he birthed matter
o Think of a statue where matter is the material it is made of, and form is what the
statue is supposed to be (what it’s supposed to be is not materialistic nor a form)
o Can have different forms from the same matter or a different matter but the same
form
- Different cause of the form
o Essential cause: what it is essentially
o Efficient cause: how the form was created
o Final cause: the purpose
- Difference between plato and Aristotle is that for Aristotle the form needs matter for it to
exist unlike plato where the form is untouchable
- Focuses on observing nature and not interfering
- Potentiality v. actuality
o Everything has both (the potentiality and the actuality)
o Potentiality what it could potentially be  lump of bronze can potentially be a
statue
o Actuality what the thing is  this is acc a lump of bronze
o The exceptions to the rule
 Sheer matter: pure potential (the one after the big bang)
 Unmoved mover (God) he has already reached his potential and actuality
- 3 levels of the soul: every living thing has a type of soul
o Nutritive soul: in
plants
o Sensitive soul: in
animals (has senses)
o Rational soul: in
humans (has a
mind)
- How we gain knowledge in
our rational souls?
o ‘Common sense’
integrates
information from
senses
o ‘Binding
problem’**
o Memory: to store
memory/lifestory of
the organism and
there are 3 ways to organize memory (similarity, continuity, and contrast)
- The mind according to Aristotle: it can form a generalization from specific memories

, o Passive mind: dies after death, just using your experiences
o Active mind: pure thought, thinking process, capacity of thoughts and transcends
after death ‘entelechy’
- Not a dualist he thinks body cannot exist without soul and vice versa

Descartes “cogito ergo sum” “I think therefore I am”
- One true belief: “I am a thinking being”
- Still a true believer of God  ‘clockwork view’** only god has the power
- Everything around us is mechanistic except for our souls (it is spiritual)
- What makes us superior from animals?
o Language: able to articulate the thoughts
o Experience: we are self-aware and can rationalize
o Flexibility: in complex situations we can react (v simple stop and go)  think of
traffic lights
- He was a dualist: there are 2 worlds  the mechanical world v. the spiritual world
(kinda like plato except there is no ominous truth)
- Cartesian theatre:
o Where the soul and body interact  apparently the pineal gland
o The soul never truly sees the object but just a mere image of it
o The soul is a viewer in said theatre
o The screen is showing the projection of image
 Enables us to take a step back and reflect on our thoughts and feelings (to
be meta)
 ‘Radical reflexivity’ a scientific way of reflecting on your thoughts
- Criticisms:
o How tf can a spiritual soul interact with the material body
o “Other mind problem” how do I know I am not the only soul in the universe
(WTF!?) how do I know the others are real and this isn’t a simulation!!!!
 Language counters this. If any creature can communicate their minds,
then by default they have their own souls

Locke ‘tabula rassa’
- An empiricist: where knowledge is gained through experience  bc we are initially a
blank slate we write on out minds through experiencing
- Nativist to an extent: some of our knowledge is innate: language, basic motives
- Sees the mind as an information processing machine
o Input: experience
o Output: knowledge
- Believes in free will  doesn’t matter if you eat the apple in a closed room. You are still
eating the apple as you please
o Freedom of action, not freedom of will**
- There is a fountain of knowledge in which ideas come from:
o Sensation: what we feel through our sense
o Reflection: reflecting our own mental process
- Simple ideas v. complex ideas (mult. Simple ideas)

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