-memory is fragile-very easy to disrupt as it disrupts all over the brain, e.g. lack of oxygen to
the brain, lack of sleep, stress
-Memory is widespread
-use our memories in almost all aspects of our lives
Dynamic and malleable meaning it forms the basis of our experiences, how you
remember what is important, memory allows us to construct ourselves-yes that was
me I did that
Goes forward and backward in time, e.g., goal setting-prospective memory
-Also retrospective-think of the past
Only noticeable when it’s not working properly
Disorders in which memory can be affected
Dementias (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease)
Toxic conditions (exposed to neurotoxins, can affect hippocampus)
Anoxia or hypoxia
Head injury/TBI
Multiple memory systems
Processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval
But memory is not like a hard drive!-pick up all the pieces and pack it together into
the form that it was-won’t be the same as it was before, it is good enough
Process of retrieval-remember things well enough, this is what happened, not perfect,
memory is more like a chocolate chip cookie-encoding, storage and retrieval
Taxonomy of memory
1
, What is memory?
Understand normal memory processing by studying memory disorders of memory
(i.e., the amnesias), which brain regions are involved
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of the ability to encode and learn information after a defined event
Defined event e.g. Car accident, surgically placed lesion, onset of disease such
as HIV infection, example H.M
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of old memories from before a defined event
Defined event-head injury, lesion, disease onset, e.g. Car accident-don’t
remember what happened before the accident
The case of N.A.-college student
Small lesion in the left dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
Retrograde amnesia for the 2 years preceding the accident-fencing sword got
stuck up his nasal passage and affected the brain
Almost complete anterograde amnesia
More verbal than visual memory deficits, although both are domains are
affected
Conceptualising memory systems
Sensory memory
Duration: milliseconds
All sensory info you encounter
2
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