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Volledige samenvatting cognitieve psychologie 1
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ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE 12BA Psychologie
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Geschiedenis, begrippen en stromingen ...................................................................... 5
1. Terminologie .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Definitie ........................................................................................................................... 5
2. Domeinen van ontwikkeling .................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Integratie van drie domeinen ........................................................................................... 5
2.2 Levensfasen.................................................................................................................... 6
3. Ontwikkelingstheorieën .......................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Basisthema’s................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Nature en Nurture ........................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Context van ontwikkeling................................................................................................. 7
4. Historische visies op het kind ................................................................................................. 7
4.1 ’’History of childhood’’ ..................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Studie van Koops (1996) ............................................................................................... 10
5. Veranderende visie op het kind ............................................................................................ 10
5.1 Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) ................................................................................. 11
5.2 John Locke (1632-1704) ............................................................................................... 11
5.3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)........................................................................... 11
5.4 De filantropijenen .......................................................................................................... 12
5.5 John Dewey (1859-1952) .............................................................................................. 12
6. Slingerbeweging in visie op kind .......................................................................................... 13
6.1 Bijdrage van ontwikkelingspsychologie? ....................................................................... 13
6.2 Ellen Key (1849-1926): De eeuw van het kind (1900) ................................................... 13
6.3 Het verdwijnende ‘kind’ ................................................................................................. 13
6.4 Invloed van massamedia............................................................................................... 14
6.5 << Open playpen >> (René Gober, 1987) ..................................................................... 14
7. Invloeden in de ontwikkelingspsychologie ............................................................................ 15
7.1 Kernprincipes van Darwins evolutietheorie (1809-1882)................................................ 15
7.2 Eerste wetenschappelijke studie van ontwikkeling ........................................................ 15
7.3 Freuds psychoseksuele theorie van de persoonlijkheid (1856 – 1939) .......................... 16
7.4 Erikson’s psychosociale fasen....................................................................................... 17
7.5 Behaviorisme en Sociale Leertheorie ............................................................................ 17
7.6 Cognitieve ontwikkelingstheorie van Jean Piaget .......................................................... 18
7.7 Informatieverwerkingstheorieën .................................................................................... 18
7.8 Ethologie en evolutionaire psychologie ......................................................................... 19
7.9 Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie .................................................................................. 19
7.10 Bio-ecologisch model (Bronfenbrenner) ........................................................................ 20
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, 7.11 Dynamische systeemtheorie ......................................................................................... 20
Hoofdstuk 2: Onderzoeksstrategieën .............................................................................................. 21
1. Onderzoeksvraag ................................................................................................................. 21
1.1 Kiezen van een onderzoeksstrategie............................................................................. 21
2. Systematische Observatie .................................................................................................... 21
2.1 Verzamelen van Systematische Observaties ................................................................ 21
2.2 Beperkingen van Systematische Observatie ................................................................. 22
2.3 Interviews ...................................................................................................................... 22
2.4 Klinische/Gevalsstudie Methode ................................................................................... 22
2.5 Psychofysiologische Methoden ..................................................................................... 22
2.6 Etnografie...................................................................................................................... 23
3. Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ............................................................................................... 23
3.1 Voorbeelden van Correlatie Coëfficiënten ..................................................................... 24
3.2 Structurele vergelijkingsmodellen (SEM) ....................................................................... 25
4. Typische ontwikkelingsdesigns ............................................................................................ 26
4.1 Vergelijkend overzicht van methoden ............................................................................ 26
4.2 Longitudinaal onderzoek ............................................................................................... 26
4.3 Studie van verandering (change) .................................................................................. 27
5. Illustratief voorbeeld ............................................................................................................. 27
5.1 De effecten van vroege interventie op IQ van kinderen ................................................. 27
6. Ethische aspecten ................................................................................................................ 28
Hoofdstuk 3: Biologische basis, prenatale ontwikkeling, en geboorte.............................................. 29
1. Continuïteit van pre- en postnatale ontwikkeling................................................................... 29
1.1 Interesse voor prenatale periode ................................................................................... 29
1.2 Belang van prenatale periode voor hersenontwikkeling ................................................. 29
2. Ontwikkeling zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................... 30
3. Prenatale (zintuiglijke) ontwikkeling ...................................................................................... 30
3.1 Het prenatale gehoor .................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Tast, smaak en reuk bij de foetus .................................................................................. 31
3.3 Beweging van embryo en foetus ................................................................................... 31
3.4 Ontstaan van gedragstoestanden bij foetus (Nijhuis et al., 1982) .................................. 31
3.5 Gevolgen van angst en stress tijdens de zwangerschap ............................................... 32
4. Gedragsgenetica .................................................................................................................. 33
4.1 Onderzoeksmethodologie ............................................................................................. 33
4.2 Maten van overeenkomst tussen verwanten ................................................................. 33
5. Correlatie tussen genotype en omgeving ............................................................................. 34
................................................................................................................................................ 34
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, 5.1 Interactie tussen genotype en omgeving ....................................................................... 34
5.2 Voorbeelden van correlatie tussen genotype en omgeving ........................................... 34
5.3 Epigenese ..................................................................................................................... 35
Hoofdstuk 4: Eerste levensjaar: leerprocessen, motorische en perceptuele vaardigheden ............. 36
1. Pasgeborene........................................................................................................................ 36
1.1 Reflexen bij pasgeborene.............................................................................................. 36
1.2 Arousal toestanden ....................................................................................................... 36
1.3 Slaappatronen............................................................................................................... 37
2. Wiegendood ......................................................................................................................... 37
2.1 Prevalentie .................................................................................................................... 37
2.2 Differentiaaldiagnose .................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Psychosociale aspecten/ondersteuning ........................................................................ 38
2.4 Beïnvloedbare risicofactoren ......................................................................................... 38
2.5 Moeilijk of niet te beïnvloeden risicofactoren ................................................................. 38
2.6 Preventie ....................................................................................................................... 38
3. Huilen/schreien .................................................................................................................... 38
3.1 Schrei patronen ............................................................................................................. 38
3.2 Responsiviteit van volwassenen t.o.v. schreien ............................................................. 38
3.3 Manieren om wenende baby te sussen ......................................................................... 39
3.4 Neonatale “Behavioral Assessment Scale”.................................................................... 39
4. Conditionering ...................................................................................................................... 39
4.1 Klassieke Conditionering ............................................................................................... 39
4.2 Operante Conditionering ............................................................................................... 40
4.3 De lusten van de macht: het lachende want spelende kind ........................................... 40
4.4 Retentie van geconditioneerde operante responsen ..................................................... 42
5. Habituatie ............................................................................................................................. 43
5.1 Habituatie als onderzoeksprocedure ............................................................................. 43
5.2 Geheugen van baby’s: voorkeur voor nieuwe en vertrouwde prikkels ........................... 44
5.3 Habituatie en latere mentale ontwikkeling ..................................................................... 44
5.4 Imitatie .......................................................................................................................... 44
6. Motorische ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................... 45
6.1 Trends in de motorische ontwikkeling............................................................................ 45
6.2 Motorische vaardigheden als een dynamisch systeem .................................................. 45
6.3 Ontwikkeling van fijne motoriek ..................................................................................... 46
7. Ontwikkeling van perceptie .................................................................................................. 46
7.1 Tastzin .......................................................................................................................... 46
7.2 Smaak en geur .............................................................................................................. 46
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