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Volledige samenvatting Biologische Psychologie 2
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Volledige samenvatting van de lessen aan de hand van de slides en wat de prof erbij verteld heeft.
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BIOLOGISCHEPSYCHOLOGIE 2
2BA Psychologie
2020 - 2021
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: (neurowetenschappelijke) onderzoeksmethoden ......................................................... 5
1. Beïnvloeden van functies ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Laesie-studies ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Experimentele ablatie ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Tijdelijke beïnvloeding ..................................................................................................... 8
2. Observeren van structuur ..................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Histologische methoden ................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Tracing .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Structuur van levend (menselijk) weefsel ...................................................................... 13
3. Observeren van activiteit ...................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Elektrische en magnetische activiteit ............................................................................. 16
3.2 Metabole (energiegebruik) en synaptische activiteit ...................................................... 22
3.3 Microdialyse .................................................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 2: Zicht ........................................................................................................................... 25
1. Het oog ................................................................................................................................ 25
1.1 De stimulus: licht ........................................................................................................... 25
1.2 Anatomie van het oog ................................................................................................... 26
1.3 De retina ....................................................................................................................... 28
1.4 Centraal en perifeer zicht .............................................................................................. 34
2. Hersenregio’s betrokken bij visuele processen ..................................................................... 36
2.1 Overzicht van het visueel circuit .................................................................................... 36
2.2 LGN (thalamus) ............................................................................................................. 37
2.3 Cortex striata (primaire visuele cortex) .......................................................................... 37
2.4 Cortex extrastriata ......................................................................................................... 38
3. Kleurperceptie ...................................................................................................................... 39
3.1 Ganglioncellen: licht & donker ....................................................................................... 39
3.2 Rol van de retina ........................................................................................................... 41
3.3 Cortex striata................................................................................................................. 43
3.4 Cortex extrastriata ......................................................................................................... 44
4. Vormperceptie ...................................................................................................................... 44
4.1 Spatiale frequentie ........................................................................................................ 44
4.2 Cortex (extra)striata ...................................................................................................... 48
5. Perceptie van spatiale locatie ............................................................................................... 50
5.1 Rol van de retina ........................................................................................................... 50
5.2 Cortex striata................................................................................................................. 50
5.3 Cortex extrastriata ......................................................................................................... 50
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, 6. Perceptie van oriëntatie en beweging................................................................................... 51
6.1 Cortex striata................................................................................................................. 51
6.2 Cortex extrastriata ......................................................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 3: Gehoor ....................................................................................................................... 53
1. Gehoor ................................................................................................................................. 53
1.1 De stimulus: geluid ........................................................................................................ 53
1.2 Anatomie van het oor .................................................................................................... 54
1.3 Haarcellen & transductie ............................................................................................... 55
1.4 Het auditieve circuit ....................................................................................................... 56
1.5 Toonhoogte ................................................................................................................... 58
1.6 Volume .......................................................................................................................... 59
1.7 Timbre........................................................................................................................... 59
1.8 Spatiale locatie .............................................................................................................. 59
1.9 Complexe geluiden ....................................................................................................... 61
Hoofdstuk 4: evenwicht ................................................................................................................... 62
1. Anatomie van het vestibulair systeem .................................................................................. 62
1.1 2 componenten ............................................................................................................. 62
2. Het vestibulair systeem ........................................................................................................ 64
Hoofdstuk 5: Tastzin/voelen ............................................................................................................ 66
1. De stimuli ............................................................................................................................. 66
2. Anatomie van de huid........................................................................................................... 66
2.1 Epidermis, dermis, onderhuidse vetlaag ........................................................................ 66
2.2 Receptoren ................................................................................................................... 66
3. Stimulatie van de huid .......................................................................................................... 68
3.1 Aanraking ...................................................................................................................... 68
3.2 Temperatuur ................................................................................................................. 68
3.3 Pijn ................................................................................................................................ 69
4. Het somatosensorische circuit.............................................................................................. 69
4.1 Subcorticaal .................................................................................................................. 69
4.2 Corticaal ........................................................................................................................ 70
5. Pijn ....................................................................................................................................... 71
5.1 Fantoompijn .................................................................................................................. 72
5.2 Endogene analgesie ..................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Zelf verwondend gedrag................................................................................................ 74
5.4 Chronische pijn ............................................................................................................. 75
Hoofdstuk 6: smaak ........................................................................................................................ 76
1. De stimuli ............................................................................................................................. 76
2
, 2. Anatomie van de smaakpapillen en smaakcellen ................................................................. 76
2.1 Smaakknoppen ............................................................................................................. 76
3. Smaakperceptie ................................................................................................................... 77
4. Het smaakcircuit................................................................................................................... 77
Hoofdstuk 7: geur ........................................................................................................................... 78
1. De stimulus .......................................................................................................................... 78
2. Anatomie van het olfactieve apparaat .................................................................................. 79
3. Transductie .......................................................................................................................... 80
Hoofdstuk 8: Motoriek ..................................................................................................................... 82
1. Skeletspieren ....................................................................................................................... 82
1.1 Anatomie ....................................................................................................................... 82
1.2 Contractie...................................................................................................................... 82
1.3 Sensorische feedback ................................................................................................... 83
2. Motoriek en het ruggenmerg ................................................................................................ 84
2.1 Monosynaptische stretchreflex ...................................................................................... 84
2.2 Polysynaptische reflexen............................................................................................... 85
3. Motoriek en het brein............................................................................................................ 85
3.1 Dalende banen .............................................................................................................. 85
3.2 Corticale structuren ....................................................................................................... 86
3.3 De motorische associatiecortex..................................................................................... 87
3.4 Subcorticale structuren (die ook een essentiële bijdrage leveren aan de motoriek) ....... 89
4. Complexe motoriek .............................................................................................................. 94
4.1 Spiegelneuronen ........................................................................................................... 94
4.2 Corollary discharge ....................................................................................................... 95
Hoofdstuk 9: Slaap en biologische ritmen ....................................................................................... 97
1. Wat is slaap? ....................................................................................................................... 97
Slaapstadia .............................................................................................................................. 97
1.2 Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap .................................................................................. 100
2. Waarom slapen we? .......................................................................................................... 100
2.1 Functies van SWS-slaap ............................................................................................. 100
2.2 Functies van REM-slaap ............................................................................................. 102
2.3 Slaap en leren ............................................................................................................. 102
3. Fysiologische slaap-/waakmechanismes ............................................................................ 103
3.1 Neurale controle van slaap .......................................................................................... 103
3.2 Neurale controle van waakzaamheid........................................................................... 104
3.3 Neurale controle van slaap/waak overgangen ............................................................. 106
3.4 Neurale controle van REM-transitie ............................................................................. 107
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