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Volledige samenvatting Cognitieve psychologie
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COGNITIEVE PSYCHOLOGIE 12BA Psychologie
SCHOOLJAAR: 2020 - 2021
,Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding ....................................................................................................................... 4
1. Cognitieve psychologie .......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Cognitieve wetenschappen ............................................................................................. 4
1.2 Theorie ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Onderzoek – theorievorming ........................................................................................... 6
Hoofdstuk 2: Geschiedenis ............................................................................................................... 7
1. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Eerste cognitieve psychologen ............................................................................................... 7
2.1 Pioniers ........................................................................................................................... 7
3. Opkomst behaviorisme......................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Cognitieve Psychologie vs. Behaviorisme ..................................................................... 10
3.2 Eerste helft 20ste eeuw .................................................................................................. 10
3.3 Over het behaviorisme .................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Kritiek behaviorisme ...................................................................................................... 11
3.5 Leerexperimenten ......................................................................................................... 11
3.6 Openen Black Box ........................................................................................................ 12
4. Cognitieve revolutie .............................................................................................................. 12
4.1 IBM (1954) .................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Computermodel............................................................................................................. 13
4.3 1956: Geboortejaar ....................................................................................................... 14
5. Hedendaagse Cognitieve Psychologie ................................................................................. 15
5.1 Nieuwere benaderingen ................................................................................................ 15
5.2 De theorie van cognitie.................................................................................................. 15
Hoofdstuk 3: Perceptie.................................................................................................................... 16
1. Wat is perceptie? ................................................................................................................. 16
1.1 Interne representatie ..................................................................................................... 16
1.2 Van prikkel tot perceptie ................................................................................................ 16
2. Psychofysica ........................................................................................................................ 18
2.1 Drie centrale vragen ...................................................................................................... 18
3. Objectherkenning “zien is denken” ....................................................................................... 21
3.1 Van waarneming tot herkenning .................................................................................... 21
3.2 Modellen objectherkenning ........................................................................................... 21
3.3 Top-down ...................................................................................................................... 24
4. Gezichtsherkenning ............................................................................................................. 24
4.1 Fusiforme face area ...................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Modellen gezichtsherkenning ........................................................................................ 25
1
,Hoofdstuk 4: aandacht .................................................................................................................... 27
1. Selectieve aandacht ............................................................................................................. 27
1.1 Exogene en endogene aandacht................................................................................... 27
1.2 Overte en coverte aandacht .......................................................................................... 28
1.3 Plaats gebonden aandacht ............................................................................................ 30
1.4 Voorwerp gebonden aandacht ...................................................................................... 30
1.5 Toepassingen selectieve aandacht ............................................................................... 31
2. Vroege selectie vs. late selectie ........................................................................................... 33
2.1 Selectie informatie......................................................................................................... 33
2.2 Filtermodel Broadbent (1958) ........................................................................................ 34
2.3 Verzwakkingsmodel Treisman (1964) ........................................................................... 36
2.4 Late selectie .................................................................................................................. 36
2.5 Capaciteitsmodel aandacht ........................................................................................... 38
2.6 Perceptual load model (Lavie, 1995; 2000) ................................................................... 38
3. Verdeelde aandacht en automaticiteit .................................................................................. 39
3.1 Automaticiteit ................................................................................................................ 39
4. Neurale basis aandacht........................................................................................................ 42
4.1 Posner & Peterson aandachtsnetwerken ...................................................................... 42
Hoofdstuk 5: kortetermijngeheugen (KTG) ...................................................................................... 44
1. Geheugen ............................................................................................................................ 44
1.1 William James (1890) .................................................................................................... 44
1.2 KTG vs. LTG ................................................................................................................. 44
2. Modaalmodel ....................................................................................................................... 47
2.1 Modaalmodel Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) ....................................................................... 47
2.2 Sensorisch register ....................................................................................................... 48
2.3 Kortetermijngeheugen ................................................................................................... 50
3. Werkgeheugenmodel ........................................................................................................... 52
3.1 Modaalmodel kortetermijngeheugen ............................................................................. 52
3.2 Hypothesen Baddeley en Hitch (1974) .......................................................................... 52
4. Model Cowan ....................................................................................................................... 58
4.1 Geheugenmodel Cowan (1988) .................................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 6: het lange termijn geheugen ........................................................................................ 60
1. Het lange termijn geheugen ................................................................................................. 60
2. Structuur van het lange termijn geheugen ............................................................................ 60
2.1 Taxonomie Squire & Knowlton (1994) ........................................................................... 60
2.2 Indeling van het lange termijn geheugen ....................................................................... 60
2.3 Retrograde en anterograde amnesie ............................................................................. 61
2
, 2.4 Standaard consolidatietheorie Squire & Alvarez (1995)................................................. 62
3. Expliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................... 64
3.1 Semantisch geheugen................................................................................................... 65
3.2 Episodisch geheugen .................................................................................................... 67
3.3 Opslag in LTG ............................................................................................................... 70
3.4 Vergeten in het lange termijn geheugen ........................................................................ 71
4. Impliciet geheugen ............................................................................................................... 72
4.1 Proceduraal geheugen .................................................................................................. 72
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