Psychology for Cambridge International AS and A Level
A full summary of Yamamoto et al.'s study, including aims, procedure, method, sample, important figures, results, conclusions, evaluations and more. I used these notes for revision and achieved "Top scorer" (nationally) for June 2022 with 91%.
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Unit 5 - Social psychology (9990)
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Yamamoto et al 2012
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bef687
1. Background (atruism and Many studies show HOW animals behave al-
cognitive mechanism) truistically but Yamamoto et al believed that the
cognitive mechanism was not well known
2. Psychology being inves- Altruism: willingness to do certain things for oth-
tigated, define altruism, ers even if it disadvantages you
empathy/ToM
Empathy/ToM: Ability to empathise/understand,
share someone else's emotional state by imagin-
ing what it'd be like in that situation, comes from
ToM.
+ others have different mental states from your
own.
3. Define prosocial behav- Prosocial: any action intended for helping
iour and flexible-targeted
helping FTH: Making a choice on how to help the other
person achieve a goal
4. Aims (2) - targeted helping 1. To see if chimpanzees can respond to the
& altruism needs of another with targeted helping
2. To see if chimpanzees can help another
chimpanzee with no immediate gain from doing
so/show altruistic behaviour
5. Participants, name them, 5 chimps (Ai & Ayumu, Pan & Pal, (Chloe &) Cleo
previous experience de-
tails, how were they All pairs showed tool-giving interactions in pre-
housed and where? vious research. All were labelled experts at
tool-use tasks in this study.
Housed socially at the Primate Research Insti-
tute in Kyoto University.
6. What type of experiment? Lab, repeated measures
Design? IV / DV (2)?
Iv: Can see and cannot see conditions (panel
opaque or clear)
1/6
, Yamamoto et al 2012
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_bef687
Dv: proportion of trails where stick/straw given
(or not given); which tool was offered
7. Before the experiment: 8 x 5mins trials (once a day, 8 days)
Chimps were allowed to
familiarize w/tools for how 5%
long? (how many days,
how many sessions and
how long per trial)
What % of trials did
chimps pass tool through
a hole?
8. FIRST can-see: Describe Tested in adjacent experimental booths with a
the condition hole 1 metre above ground and a panel divider.
9. How did recipient chimps Recipient could not reach the tools. By poking
show they wanted a tool? out their arms.
What did the helper chimp
have to do? What did the Helper chimp had to select tools. Recipient need-
recipient need first? ed a stick first, then straw.
10. What was the reward? Juice :P
11. What were the 7 tools? Straw, stick, rope, hose, chain, brush and belt
12. First CANT see: what was Wall was opaque. The hole could be used for
different? What could the peeking.
hole be used for?
13. SECOND Can see: why Repeat of first CAN see to cancel order effects
was it done? (counterbalancing)
14. When was the problem When either stick or straw is chosen and given
considered "Solved"? (potential tools)
15. What have previous stud- Artificially, using lexigrams. Chimps could com-
ies shown about how municate freely in this study.
chimps communicate?
2/6
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