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Samenvatting Gedragsneurowetenschappen - geslaagd 1e zit

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Dit is een samenvatting Gedragsneurowetenschappen van Toegepaste Psychologie aan Thomas More Hogeschool Antwerpen. Ik slaagde met deze samenvatting in de 1e zit (16/20). Het bevat alle hoorcolleges en is gemaakt aan de hand van de cursusteksten en de powerpoints.

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  • October 12, 2022
  • 31
  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
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Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Conceptueel neurowetenschappelijk kader...............................................................................1
1.1.: Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1.: De hersenen zijn onderdeel van het zenuwstelsel...............................................................................1
1.1.2.: Wat zijn de bouwstenen van onze hersenen en dus ook ons gedrag?................................................1
1.2.: Een conceptueel biopsychosociaal kader voor het begrijpen van hersenen-gedragsrelaties......................1
1.3.: Een conceptueel biopsychosociaal kader voor het beschrijven en begrijpen van aadoeningen van het
zenuwstelsel.........................................................................................................................................................2
1.4.: Het aanpassingsvermogene van de hersenen en neuroplasticiteit.............................................................2

Hoofdstuk 2: Cellulaire neuroanatomie.......................................................................................................... 3
2.1.: Neuronen......................................................................................................................................................3
2.1.1.: Celstructuur..........................................................................................................................................3
2.1.2.: Synaps...................................................................................................................................................4
2.1.3.: Celmembraan.......................................................................................................................................4
2.1.4.: Neuronaal cytoskelet............................................................................................................................5
2.1.5.: Axonaal transport.................................................................................................................................5
2.1.7.: Indeling van de neuronen.....................................................................................................................5
2.1.8.: Structurele en functionele componenten van het neuron..................................................................6
2.1.9.: Richting van het signaal........................................................................................................................6
2.1.6.: Energieverbruik in de zenuwcel...........................................................................................................6
2.2.: Neuroglia of gliacellen.................................................................................................................................6
2.2.1.: Gliacellen in het centrale zenuwstelsel................................................................................................7
2.2.2.: Gliacellen in het perifere zenuwstelsel................................................................................................7

Hoofdstuk 2B: Cellulaire neuroanatomie en neuropathologie.........................................................................8
2B.1.: Een conceptueel biopsychosociaal kader voor het beschrijven en begrijpen van aandoeningen van het
zenuwstelsel.........................................................................................................................................................8
2B.2.: Enkele ziektebeelden..................................................................................................................................8
2B.2.1.: Multipele sclerose (MS)......................................................................................................................8
2B.2.2.: Traumatische hersenletsels en diffuse axonale schade.....................................................................8
2B.2.3.: Alzheimer dementie...........................................................................................................................9
2B.3.: Neuronenregeneratie als voorbeeld van neuroplasticiteit........................................................................9

Hoofdstuk 3: Cellulaire neurofysiologie: de zenuwimpuls...............................................................................9
3.1.: De interactie tussen cellen en zijn omgeving.............................................................................................10
3.1.1.: Signaaltransductie..............................................................................................................................10
3.1.2.: De celmembraan als scheidingswand tussen intra – en extracellulaire milieu.................................10
3.1.3.: Transmembraankanalen.....................................................................................................................10
3.1.4.: Ionenkanalen......................................................................................................................................10
3.1.5.: Concentratie – en potentiaalgradiënt................................................................................................11
3.2.: De rustpotentiaal.......................................................................................................................................12
3.3.: De neuronale actiepotentiaal of zenuwimpuls: de veranderlijke permeabiliteit van de celmembraan als
basis voor de werking van prikkelbare cellen....................................................................................................12
3.3.1.: Actiepotentiaal...................................................................................................................................12
3.3.2.: Fasen binnen de actiepotentiaal........................................................................................................12
3.4.: Eigenschappen van de zenuwimpuls..........................................................................................................13
3.4.1.: Alles-of-niets-wet...............................................................................................................................13

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, 3.4.3.: Refractaire periode.............................................................................................................................13
3.4.4.: Codificatie van de stimulusparameters: duur en intensiteit..............................................................13
3.5.: De voortgeleiding van het zenuwimpuls....................................................................................................13
3.5.2.: De invloed van myelinisatie op de voortgeleiding.............................................................................14

Hoofdstuk 4: Cellulaire neurofysiologie: neuronale impulsoverdracht of neurotransmissie...........................14
4.1.: De synaptische organisatie........................................................................................................................14
4.2.: De synaptische activiteit............................................................................................................................14
4.3.: De postsynaptische potentiaal...................................................................................................................14
4.4.: Kenmerken van de postsynaptische potentiaal.........................................................................................15
4.5.: Beëindigen van de neurotransmissie.........................................................................................................15
4.6.: Neurotransmitters......................................................................................................................................15
4.9.: Niveaus van cellulaire integratie: van presynaptische naar postsynaptische signaalgeleiding................16

Hoofdstuk 5: Cellulaire neuroplasticiteit....................................................................................................... 17
5.1.: Moleculaire basis van gen-omgevingsinteracties in de hersenen: nature of nurture...............................18
5.2.: Kwetsbaarheid...........................................................................................................................................18
5.3.: Kwetsbaarheid-stressmodel.......................................................................................................................18

Hoofdstuk 5B: Neuroplasticiteit en ontwikkeling.......................................................................................... 18
5B.1.: Neuroplasticiteit.......................................................................................................................................18
5B.2.: Ontwikkelingsprocessen tijdens de pre – en postnatale ontwikkeling....................................................18
5B.2.1.: Celgroei of celprofileratie.................................................................................................................18
5B.2.2.: Celmigratie.......................................................................................................................................19
5B.2.3.: Doelstemming en differentiatie.......................................................................................................19
5B.2.4.: Synaptogenese.................................................................................................................................19
5B.2.5.: Overproductie en regressieve perioden..........................................................................................19
5B.2.6.: Ervaring en sensitieve perioden.......................................................................................................19

Hoofdstuk 7A: Ontwikkeling van de hersenen.............................................................................................. 20
7A.1.: De eerste fasen van de ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................20
7A.2.: Ontwikkeling van de kiembladen.............................................................................................................20
7A.3.: Neurulatie................................................................................................................................................20
7A.4.: De ontwikkeling van de hersenen............................................................................................................20

Hoofdstuk 7B: Structurele neuroanatomie................................................................................................... 21
7B.1.: Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................21
7B.2.: Anatomische posities...............................................................................................................................21
7B.3.: Centrale zenuwstelsel..............................................................................................................................21
7B.3.1.: Cerebrospinaalvocht en hersenventrikels........................................................................................21
7B.3.2.: Telencephalon of grote hersenen (cerebrum).................................................................................21
7B.3.3.: Diëncephalon....................................................................................................................................22
7B.3.4.: Hersenstam......................................................................................................................................23
7B.3.5.: Cerebellum of kleine hersenen........................................................................................................23

Hoofdstuk 8: sensorische informatieverwerking (algemeen).........................................................................23
8.1.: Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................23

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, 8.2.: Zintuiglijke waarneming en receptoren.....................................................................................................23
8.3.: De receptorpotentiaal................................................................................................................................24
8.4.: Algemene werking van de zintuiglijke informatieverwerking: rol van de verbindingsneuronen en
connectievorming...............................................................................................................................................24

Hoofdstuk 8B: Sensorische informatieverwerking – toepassingen.................................................................25
8B.1.: Toepassing: de somatosensorische informatieverwerking......................................................................25
8B.3.: Toepassing: de visuele informatieverwerking.........................................................................................25

Hoofdstuk 9: Motorische informatieverwerking...........................................................................................26
9.1.: Inleiding......................................................................................................................................................26
9.2.: Toepassing: de motorische informatieverwerking.....................................................................................26
9.2.1.: Functie en functiestoornissen van de primaire motorische cortex...................................................26
9.2.2.: Functiestoornissen van de hoger-orde (pre)frontale associatiegebieden.........................................27




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