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Samenvatting Wetenschappen & Techniek
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Volledige samenvatting van de powerpoint, lessen en handboek van het vak wetenschappen en techniek
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WETENSCHAPPEN & TECHNIEKWetenschappen & Techniek................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Wetenschappen en Techniek ...........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
1 Aardrijkskunde ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 De aarde in de ruimte............................................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.1 Het heelal .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 Sterrenstelsels ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.3 Ons zonnestelsel ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.4 Aarde, zon en maan .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Aarde .................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 Ontstaan en geschiedenis van de aarde ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2 Concentrische opbouw van de aarde .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3 Atmosfeer .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.4 Aarde in beweging ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.5 Reliëf en landschap ................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6 Gesteenten en fossielen ............................................................................................................................................ 11
1.2.7 Klimaten..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.8 Klimaten in Cursus .................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.9 Grote plaatje van de wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 15
1.3 Het weer.............................................................................................................................................................................. 15
1.3.1 Weerbericht ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.3.2 Weerselementen ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.3 Weer voorspellen....................................................................................................................................................... 30
1.3.4 Weerfenomenen ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
1.3.5 Grote plaatje van de wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 33
1.4 Didactiek Weer en klimaat .................................................................................................................................................. 33
1.4.1 Weer en Klimaat in het leerplan ................................................................................................................................. 34
1.4.2 Kennen en kunnen over de verschillende leerjaren ................................................................................................... 34
1.4.3 Voorbeelden uit de praktijk ........................................................................................................................................ 39
1.4.4 Zelf meetinstrumenten maken ................................................................................................................................... 39
1.4.5 Experimenteren met het weer.................................................................................................................................... 39
2 Biologie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
2.1 Evolutie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2 Systematiek ........................................................................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.1 Taxonomie, fylogenie en systematiek ........................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.2 Wetenschappelijke naamgeving ................................................................................................................................ 41
2.2.3 Op zoek naar een dier, plant of schimmel? ............................................................................................................... 41
2.2.4 Wat is leven? ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
2.2.5 Zes rijken – Woese (1977)......................................................................................................................................... 42
2.2.6 Archaea en Bacteria .................................................................................................................................................. 43
2.2.7 Protisten .................................................................................................................................................................... 44
2.2.8 Grote plaatje van de wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 46
2.3 Planten ................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
2.4 Schimmels .......................................................................................................................................................................... 46
2.5 Dieren (en dus ook mensen) ............................................................................................................................................... 46
2.5.1 Indeling van het dierenrijk .......................................................................................................................................... 46
2.5.2 De zintuigen............................................................................................................................................................... 54
2.5.3 Zenuwstelsel.............................................................................................................................................................. 63
1
, 2.5.4 Het skelet en beweging ............................................................................................................................................. 67
2.5.5 Voeding en spijsvertering .......................................................................................................................................... 73
2.5.6 Ademhaling................................................................................................................................................................ 78
2.5.7 Bloedsomloop ............................................................................................................................................................ 82
2.5.8 Uitscheidingsstelsel ................................................................................................................................................... 85
2.5.9 Voortplanting ............................................................................................................................................................. 87
2.5.10 Afweersysteem .......................................................................................................................................................... 94
2.5.11 Grote plaatje van de wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 95
2.6 Ecologie: aan de slag met levende en niet-levende natuur ................................................................................................. 96
2.6.1 Inleiding: hoe alles aaneen hangt .............................................................................................................................. 96
2.6.2 Abiotische factoren in een ecosysteem ..................................................................................................................... 96
2.6.3 Biotische factoren in een ecosysteem ....................................................................................................................... 98
2.6.4 Relaties binnen een ecosysteem ............................................................................................................................... 98
2.6.5 Ecosystemen in (on)evenwicht!? ............................................................................................................................. 102
2.6.6 Grote plaatje van de wetenschap ............................................................................................................................ 105
2.7 Didactiek ........................................................................................................................................................................... 105
3 Niet-levende natuur en Techniek ............................................................................................................................................. 106
3.1 Aggregatietoestanden ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
3.2 Geluid................................................................................................................................................................................ 106
3.2.1 Wat is geluid ............................................................................................................................................................ 106
3.2.2 Eigenschappen van geluid....................................................................................................................................... 107
3.2.3 Verplaatsing van geluid ........................................................................................................................................... 108
3.2.4 Enkele technische toepassingen van geluid ............................................................................................................ 109
3.3 Licht .................................................................................................................................................................................. 109
3.4 Magnetisme ...................................................................................................................................................................... 109
3.4.1 Wat is magnetisme? ................................................................................................................................................ 109
3.4.2 Werking van een magneet ....................................................................................................................................... 110
3.4.3 Magnetisme en elektriciteit ...................................................................................................................................... 110
3.5 Elektriciteit ......................................................................................................................................................................... 111
3.5.1 Statische elektriciteit ................................................................................................................................................ 111
3.5.2 Elektrische stroom ................................................................................................................................................... 112
3.5.3 De stroomkring ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
3.5.4 Een geniale schakelaar uit bimetaal ........................................................................................................................ 115
3.6 Energie.............................................................................................................................................................................. 115
3.7 Krachten ............................................................................................................................................................................ 115
3.7.1 Wat is een kracht? ................................................................................................................................................... 115
3.7.2 Krachten samenstellen ............................................................................................................................................ 116
3.7.3 Kracht en beweging ................................................................................................................................................. 116
3.7.4 Drijven en zinken Hoofdstuk .................................................................................................................................... 117
3.8 Overbrengingen ................................................................................................................................................................ 117
3.8.1 Hefbomen ................................................................................................................................................................ 117
3.8.2 Katrollen .................................................................................................................................................................. 119
3.8.3 Tandwielen .............................................................................................................................................................. 119
3.9 Constructies ...................................................................................................................................................................... 120
3.10 Biochemie..................................................................................................................................................................... 120
3.10.1 Voedselbederf ......................................................................................................................................................... 120
3.10.2 Voedsel bewaren ..................................................................................................................................................... 121
3.10.3 Verpakking............................................................................................................................................................... 123
3.10.4 Voorbeelden van biochemische processen ............................................................................................................. 124
2
, 3.11 Didactiek....................................................................................................................................................................... 125
4 Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
4.1 Wat is wetenschappen en techniek geven ........................................................................................................................ 126
4.2 Verticale leerlijn wetenschappen en techniek ................................................................................................................... 126
4.3 De onderzoekende houding bij leerlingen ......................................................................................................................... 126
4.4 Werkvormen: Demonstratie en practica ............................................................................................................................ 129
4.4.1 Demonstratie ........................................................................................................................................................... 129
4.4.2 Practica.................................................................................................................................................................... 131
4.5 Big Ideas, Nature of Science, burgerwetenschap ............................................................................................................. 134
4.5.1 Big Ideas.................................................................................................................................................................. 134
4.5.2 Nature of Science .................................................................................................................................................... 134
4.5.3 burgerwetenschap ................................................................................................................................................... 135
4.6 STEM in Vlaanderen ......................................................................................................................................................... 137
4.6.1 Waarom wetenschapsonderwijs in het basisonderwijs? .......................................................................................... 137
4.6.2 Wat verstaan we onder wetenschappelijke geletterdheid? ...................................................................................... 137
4.6.3 STEM?..................................................................................................................................................................... 137
3
, 1 AARDRIJKSKUNDE
→ De inhoudelijke delen uit het boek worden aangevuld met informatie die je op CANVAS vindt.
→ Weetjes, verdiepingen en ‘aan de slag’jes zijn niet te kennen
1.1 DE AARDE IN DE RUIMTE
1.1.1 HET HEELAL
13,8 miljard jaar geleden: big bang
= Oerknal
- Door ontplofte singulariteit
= Minuscuul klein puntje met gigantische dichtheid
→ Bevatte energie waaruit later elementaire deeltjes ontstonden waaruit alle materie op aarde + heelal mee is
opgebouwd
- Basis voor alles wat we nu kennen
- Ontstaan tijd + ruimte
1.1.2 STERRENSTELSELS
Meteen na oerknal alles nog snikheet (50 000miljard°C)
Begon meteen af te koelen
Afgekoeld tot 3000°C: ontstaan van eerste atomen
→ Vooral watergas!
→ Sommige werden door zwaartekracht naar elkaar toe getrokken
→ Overal vormde zich verspreid dichte gaswolken
→ Waterstofatomen dicht opeen fuseerde tot heliumatomen
= Eerste sterren!
→ Vormde zich ± 400 jaar na oerknal
→ Groepeerde door zwaartekracht tot sterrenstelsels
→ Nu miljarden sterrenstelsels met honderd miljard sterren
Ons sterrenstelsel = Melkwegstelsel
▪ ±9 miljard jaar geleden ontstaan
▪ Telt meer dan honderd miljard sterren
▪ Moeilijk om beeld van te maken!
• Vanaf aarde Melkweg als lichte zilveren band die hemel omspant
• Vanuit ruimte spiraalvormige schotel die in midden verdikt is
1.1.3 ONS ZONNESTELSEL
= Één van de spiraalarmen van Melkwegstelsel
= Planetenstelsel waarbij zon cruciale rol speelt
→ Want 8 planeten cirkelen er omheen door zwaartekracht
- 8 planeten:
o Mercurius
o Venus
o Aarde
o Mars
o Jupiter
o Saturnus
o Uranus
o Neptunus
- Ook nog miljarden planetoïden en komeetachtige hemellichamen in baan om zon voorbij Neptunus
Bv. Pluto, Oortwolk, Kuipergordel, …
- Planetenstelsel = verzameling van hemellichamen die om een centrale ster draaien
- Zon
o Grootste, warmste, zwaarste hemellichaam in zonnestelsel
▪ 30000x massa van aarde
▪ Volume 1,3 miljoen keer groter dan aarde
▪ Binnenkant heeft temperatuur van 15 miljoen graden Celsius, buitenkant 6000°C
o T.o.v. andere sterren maar van middelmatige grootte
o Ontstaan
▪ Gaswolk voornamelijk uit kleine atomen zoals waterstof + helium
▪ Begon samen te krimpen door eigen zwaartekracht
▪ Druk liep te hoog op, enorm veel warmte
Warmte hangt dus samen met druk die gecreëerd wordt in zon
E = m x c2 dus alles met een bepaalde massa heeft ook energie
o Binnen in zon kernfusie
▪ Kernfusie = proces waarbij onder grote druk + temperatuur deeltjes worden samengevoegd
▪ 4 waterstofatomen → 1 heliumatoom
! Massa 4H > 1He
4
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