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Samenvatting OOCG (3e jaars)
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Samenvatting van de literatuur, hoorcollege's en werkgroepen van OOCG.
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Samenvatting OOCGWeek 1, Introductie:
We don’t hate violence, we hate the wrong kind of violence in the wrong context. Because
sometimes violence is in the right context, f.e. in a boxing match.
This book explores the biology of violence, aggression and competition.
A specific behaviour has occurred, what has happened?
-> first explanation is the neurobiological one: what happened seconds before.
-> after that you have triggering of the nervous system: what happened minutes before.
-> then hormones: what happened hours to days before.
This way you keep expanding. Eventually you go back to childhood.
It is impossible to conclude that behaviour is caused by a gene, a hormone, a childhood trauma
because once you invoke one type of explanation, you are de facto invoking them all.
Behaviourism = behaviour is completely malleable.
In some ways, humans have very similar behaviour to animals, but in other ways we have completely
different behaviour.
Week 1, H1: The behaviour:
Different terms mean different things to scientist in different disciplines. F.e. is aggression about
thought, emotion or something you do with muscles.
To different types of aggression according to animal behaviourist: offensive and defensive. Another
distinction that can be made in aggression is between members of the same species or fighting off a
predator.
Criminologists distinguish between impulsive and premeditated aggression. So there are plenty of
different levels of aggression. We distinguish between hot-blooded and cold-blooded violence.
Week 1, Artikel 1: Levensloop criminologie, criminele carrières en dadergroepen:
Levensloop crimi heeft zich de afgelopen decennia sterk ontwikkeld. Hoe verandert crimineel gedrag
tijdens de levensloop?
Dual taxanomy model van Moffit = verschil tussen adolescence limited offending en life-course
persistent offenders. Je begint bij AL, en zonder turning point wordt je LCP.
Statische theorieen kijken bijv. naar karakten- of persoonlijkheidskenmerken.
Dynamische theorieen kijken bijv. naar veranderingen in iemands leven (werk, relatie).
Doelen: interventies evidence based maken, predictive policing en opsluiting vooral voor LCP.
Het grootste gedeelte van de jeugdige zedendelinquenten stopt met het plegen van delicten na de
adolescentie. Een zeer kleine groep gaat ook door tijdens volwassenheid.
Het krijgen van werk werd vaak als remmende factor gevonden.
Alleenstaand ouderschap zou de kans op cybercrimineel gedrag van het kind verhogen. Daarnaast
zouden cybercriminelen ook traditionele delicten plegen.
,Mensen die pas op latere leeftijd starten met crimineel gedrag = late onset offenders. Bijv. bij
georganiseerde criminaliteit.
Outlaw bikers komen disproportioneel vaak in aanraking met justitie.
Lidmaatschap van een motorclub lijkt criminaliteit te stimuleren en de kans op stoppen te
verminderen.
Vier typen in het verloop en de aard van de criminele carrières van de Nederlandse outlawbikers:
- Marginaal (nooit veroordeeld)
- Conservatieven (veroordeeld voor kleine delicten)
- Generalistisch: (hoge kans veroordeeld te zijn voor veel verschillende delicten)
- Ondernemende daders: (hoge kans veroordeeld te zijn voor geweld en verstoring openbare orde)
Veel witteboordencriminelen komen pas in de volwassenheid in aanraking met justitie.
Blootstelling aan gelegenheid op werk is de verklaring voor frauderend gedrag.
Levensloop kan ook van toepassing zijn op rechtspersonen.
Als rechtspersonen het bijzonder strafrecht overtreden kunnen zij worden aangemerkt als
bijzondere dadergroep.
Conclusie: De levensloopcriminologie was in eerst vooral gericht op daders van commune
criminaliteit. Nu wordt het ook toegepast op meer specifieke daderpopulaties en bijzondere vormen
van criminaliteit, zoals: zedendelinquenten, cybercriminelen, georganiseerde misdaad, outlawbikers,
fraudeurs en zelfs rechtspersonen.
Daders verschillen in de start van crimineel gedrag, de frequentie ervan, en de duur van hun
criminele carrière.
Met de resultaten van onderzoek hiernaar kunnen risicoanalyses en risicomodellen worden afgeleid.
Daarvan afgeleid kunnen interventiestrategieën worden bedacht om crimi en recidive te
verminderen.
HC 1:
100% tentamen
V/OV paper
Biografie van een crimineel lezen. Analyseren levensloop van deze crimineel.
Hoofdvraag = waarom vertoont de ene persoon crimineel/antisociaal gedrag, en de ander niet?
Zou houdt bijv. de RAT geen rekening met allerlei individuele- en omgevingsfactoren.
Vraag: waarom pleegde deze persoon deze misdaad?
Interactie tussen biologie, psychologie, sociale factoren en omgeving.
Biopsychosociaal model = hoe verschillende factoren criminaliteit beïnvloeden; 3 categorieën:
- Biologische: genen, prenatale omgeving, DNA, invloed van ervaren stress
- Psychologische: cognitief, emotioneel, identiteit en persoonlijkheid.
- Interpersoonlijke: ouders, opvoeding, gezin, hechting, vrienden, relaties (sociale contacten).
Statische factoren veranderen niet over tijd, dynamische factoren wel. Je kan dus inspelen op de
dynamische factoren. Invloed van factoren is vaak beïnvloedbaar.
, In dit vak vaak aandacht voor commune delicten.
Week 2, H8: Back to When You Were Just a Fertilized Egg:
What role did genes play in causing certain behaviour?
95% of DNA doesn’t constitute genes.
Before a stretch of DNA there is a promoter switch, a Transcription factor binds to the promoter.
Genes don’t make sense outside the context of environment.
The more genes there are, the more possible profiles those genes can form.
Environmental influences can switch genes on or off. These epigenetic changes are relevant to
events causing persistent effects on the brain and behaviour (usually in childhood).
Epigenetic changes can be multigenerational (giraffes born with longer necks, because their parents
had to reach higher for leaves).
A gene can exist of exons and introns.
Key points:
> Genes are regulated by the environment (events inside the cell or in the universe)
> DNA turns environmental influences into gene transcription
You study genetics top down (observing traits shared by relatives (behaviour genetics)).
Twin studies and adoptee studies to rule out genetic and environment influences.
Strong genetic influences for IQ, depression, schizophrenia, agreeableness, conscientiousness (Big
five), attitude towards religion, authority and homosexuality.
Critique:
> Comparing identical and fraternal twin would not be valid because identical twins are treated
more similarly by the parents.
> Identical twins share a placenta, so are already more similar in starting life.
> Adoption studies are not valid because the child does share a prenatal environment.
> Adoption agencies prefer to place a child with a family of similar ethnic or racial background to the
biological parents.
> Parents who adopt tent to be more educated, wealthier and more psychologically healthy than
biological parents.
Heritability score = if genes strongly influence the extent of variability around the average level of a
trait, that trait has high heritability.
A trait can be highly inherited, but have low heritability and the other way around. Having 5 fingers
is a highly inherited trait, but not high in heritability because the variability isn’t high.
The effects that a gene has on some behaviour is dependent on the environment. And the effect that
an environment has on some behaviour is dependent on the gene.
A gene’s influence on the average value of a trait (whether it is inherited) differs from its influence
on variability of that trait across individuals (its heritability).
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