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Samenvatting Planning For Sustainable Cities (GEO4-3117)
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Samenvatting van alle literatuur en collegestof voor het tentamen Planning for Sustainable Cities
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Planning for sustainable citiesWeek 1: Sustainability and the Anthropocene
Literature:
- Campbell, S. (1996). Green cities, Growing cities, Just cities?
- Blanco, H., Mazmanian, D.A. (2014). The sustainable city: introduction and overview
,Campbell (2007). Green cities, growing cities, just cities?
Planners face tough decisions about where they stand → the conflicting core of planning The
planner's triangle
- Protecting the green city
- Promoting the economically growing city
- Advocating social justice
The planner's triangle: three priorities, three conflicts
- Our historic tendency has been to promote the development of cities at the cost of natural
distribution: to build cities, we have cleared forests, fouled rivers and the air, leveled
mountains
- The planner has taken an ambivalent stance between the goals of economic growth and
economic justice
- The planner must reconcile not two, but at least 3 conflicting interests:
- To grow the economy
- To distribute this growth fairly
- In the process not degrade the ecosystem
- In an ideal world, planners would strive to achieve a balance of all three goals. But in
practice, planners usually represent one particular goal, while neglecting the other two
The points of the triangle: the economy, the environment and equity
- The economic development planner
- Sees the city as a location where production, consumption, distribution and
innovation take place
- The city is in competition with other cities
- Space = the economic space of highways, market areas and commuter zones
- The environmental planner
- Sees the city as a consumer of resources and a producer of waste
- The city is in competition with nature for scarce resources and land
- Space = the ecological space of greenways, river basins and ecological niches
- The equity planner
- Sees the city as a location of conflict over the distribution of resources, of services
and of opportunities
- The competition is within the city itself, among different social groups
- Space = social space of communities, neighborhood, organizations, labor unions
(access / segregation)
,Three conflicts:
- The property conflict: economic growth versus social justice
- The first conflict between economic growth and equity arises from competing claims
on and uses of property: such as between management and labor, landlords and
tenants, or gentrifying, professionals and long-time residents
- Private interest versus public goods
- This growth-equity is further complicated because each side not only resists the other,
but also needs the other for its own survival
- The contradictory tendency for capitalist, democratic society to define property
- E.g. social housing needs regulations of the government
- The resource conflict: economic growth versus environmental protection
- Just as the private sector both resists regulation of property, yet it needs it to keep the
economy flowing, so too is society in conflict about its priorities for natural resources
- Business resists the regulation of its exploitation of nature, but at the sam time needs
regulation to conserve those resources for present and future demands (the most cost-
effective way, harms nature the most)
- The tension between their economic utility in the natural environment
- This conflict defines the boundary between the developed city and the undeveloped
wilderness, which is symbolized by the ´city limits´
- E.g. protection of forest in Brazil
- The development conflict: social justice versus environmental protection
- The development conflict stems from the difficulty doing both at once
- Environment-equity disputes are coming to the fore to join the older dispute about
economic growth versus equity
- How could those at the bottom of society find greater economic opportunity if
environmental protection mandates diminished economic growth
- E.g. developed countries asking undeveloped countries to protect the environment,
which slows down their economic growth / the energy-transition comes at the cost of
poor in NL
, Implications of the planners´ triangle model
1. The nature of the three conflicts in mutual dependence is based not only on opposition, but
also on collaboration.
- The development conflict can be resolved if the property conflict is resolved as well
- The challenge for planners is to deal with the conflicts between interests by
discovering and implementing complementary uses
2. Environmental conflicts should not be seen as simply one group of nature-lovers and another
group of nature haters
- The crucial point is that all three groups have an interactive relationship with
nature; the difference lies in their conflicting conceptions of nature, their conflicting
uses of nature and how they incorporate nature into their systems of values
3. The choice between an anthropocentric or ecocentric worldview is a false one. We are all
unavoidably anthropocentric: the question is which anthropomorphic values and priorities we
will apply to the natural and social world around us
Sustainable development: reaching the elusive centre of the triangle
- If the 3 corners of the triangle represent key goals in planning, and the axes represent the
three resulting conflicts, then the center of the triangle can be defined as representing
sustainable development - the balance of these three goals
- It is one thing to locate sustainability in the abstract, but it is quite another to reorganize
society to get there
Is sustainability a useful concept for planners? - mixed
- The goal may be too far away and holistic to be operational - it is not possible to define
concrete, short-term steps - we also might be able to define sustainability yet be unable ever
to actually measure it or even know that we had achieved it
- Yet, sustainability can be a helpful concept in that it positis the long-term planning goal of a
social-environmental system in balance - it brings together many different environmental
concerns under one overarching value
Fairness
- Viewing social justice as the striving towards a more equal distribution of resources
among social groups across the space of cities and of nations
- This equity can be seen in
- Intergenerational - present versus future generations
- Intragenerational - across species
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