hmx immunology final exam study guide 2022 with complete solution
Written for
Kaplan University
HMX Immunology
All documents for this subject (2)
Seller
Follow
Classroom
Reviews received
Content preview
HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With
Complete Solution
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) Correct Answer: Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast
cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) Correct Answer: Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) Correct Answer: Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? Correct Answer: Neutrophils are short lived and will
undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and
waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) Correct Answer:
Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with
blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? Correct Answer: Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? Correct Answer:
Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin Correct Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in
innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand Correct Answer: A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to
blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 Correct Answer: An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel
endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) Correct Answer: A class of adhesion molecules expressed on
circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate
inflammatory response
Stable Arrest Correct Answer: When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium
thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus Correct Answer: Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory
response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview Correct Answer: Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin
plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response
, Psoriasis risk factors Correct Answer: History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with
psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis Correct Answer: A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits
immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) Correct Answer: Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and
therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha
from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules Correct Answer: Susceptibility to
infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte Correct Answer: Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? Correct Answer: Extracellular
bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell Correct Answer: A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type
1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them Correct
Answer: Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic
cells
The Antiviral State Correct Answer: Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons;
proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity
is induced
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Correct Answer: Molecules that are commonly
expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can be on cell
surface or released from cells
Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs Correct Answer: Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagellin
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Correct Answer: Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an
immune response; important in innate immunity
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) Correct Answer: A group of pattern recognition receptors; can be located on
immune cell surface or within the cell on the endosomal membrane
Viral PAMPs Correct Answer: Nucleic acids
What happens when pattern recognition receptors or toll-like receptors bind to a PAMP? How does this
response differ among different kinds of infection (viral vs. bacterial)? Correct Answer: The immune cell
is activated and will secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as type 1 interferons (viral infection),
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Classroom. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
