HMX Immunology- ALL| 183 questions| with
complete solutions
ABO blood groups Correct Answer: carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells
determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Correct Answer: bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Correct Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
innate immunity Correct Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of
rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity Correct Answer: a more complex defense system against infection that
requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized
and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes Correct Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off
infections
PD-L1 Correct Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-
immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with
PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
Checkpoint blockade Correct Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional
due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates
exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Correct Answer: are created by introducing into T cells
a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling
components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching Correct Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing
a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) Correct Answer: these proteins are the most important
determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching Correct Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies Correct Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent
absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react
with many pathogens, and can activate complement.
, Immunosuppressive drugs Correct Answer: Chemical agents that cause the human body not to
produce antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The production of these
antibodies needs to be suppressed in order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the
recipient's body (block T cell activation or kill lymphocytes)
Neoantigen discovery Correct Answer: involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a
tumor (due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to
host MHC; activates T cells to recognize that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy Correct Answer: Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of
antibodies formed by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins Correct Answer: proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant
(allele) for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation Correct Answer: The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to
another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
Transplant rejection Correct Answer: Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted
tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
Transfusion Correct Answer: transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction Correct Answer: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not
compatible with its own blood via complement activation and opsonization
Vectored immunoprophylaxis Correct Answer: the introduction of DNA encoding an antibody
into individuals; creates antibodies that could be protective against a microbe; inexpensive
Lupus Correct Answer: autoimmune disease in which antibodies form immune complexes that
impair organ function
Myasthenia gravis Correct Answer: autoimmune disease in which antibodies block the normal
function of a host protein
Psoriasis Correct Answer: autoimmune disorder that is mediated by effector T cells that cause
inflammation in the skin; the most common autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes Correct Answer: autoimmune disease caused by T cells that attack pancreatic
cells
How do T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases? Correct Answer: by recognizing self
antigens, migrating into organs and tissues, and causing inflammation
Allergy Correct Answer: most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells, and
eosinophils; can cause hives, congestion, abdominal issues, and anaphylaxis
complete solutions
ABO blood groups Correct Answer: carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells
determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs Correct Answer: bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes Correct Answer: mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
innate immunity Correct Answer: mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of
rapid responses to microbes
adaptive immunity Correct Answer: a more complex defense system against infection that
requires some time to develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized
and has memory; mediated by lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes Correct Answer: a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off
infections
PD-L1 Correct Answer: A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-
immune cells, including many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with
PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
Checkpoint blockade Correct Answer: the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional
due to inhibitory signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates
exhausted T cells (mainly CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell Correct Answer: are created by introducing into T cells
a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling
components of the T cell receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching Correct Answer: method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing
a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) Correct Answer: these proteins are the most important
determinants of an allogenic immune response
HLA matching Correct Answer: used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies Correct Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent
absence of any infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react
with many pathogens, and can activate complement.
, Immunosuppressive drugs Correct Answer: Chemical agents that cause the human body not to
produce antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The production of these
antibodies needs to be suppressed in order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the
recipient's body (block T cell activation or kill lymphocytes)
Neoantigen discovery Correct Answer: involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a
tumor (due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to
host MHC; activates T cells to recognize that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy Correct Answer: Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of
antibodies formed by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins Correct Answer: proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant
(allele) for that gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation Correct Answer: The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to
another site, or of an organ or tissue from one person to another.
Transplant rejection Correct Answer: Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted
tissue as foreign and subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
Transfusion Correct Answer: transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction Correct Answer: reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not
compatible with its own blood via complement activation and opsonization
Vectored immunoprophylaxis Correct Answer: the introduction of DNA encoding an antibody
into individuals; creates antibodies that could be protective against a microbe; inexpensive
Lupus Correct Answer: autoimmune disease in which antibodies form immune complexes that
impair organ function
Myasthenia gravis Correct Answer: autoimmune disease in which antibodies block the normal
function of a host protein
Psoriasis Correct Answer: autoimmune disorder that is mediated by effector T cells that cause
inflammation in the skin; the most common autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes Correct Answer: autoimmune disease caused by T cells that attack pancreatic
cells
How do T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases? Correct Answer: by recognizing self
antigens, migrating into organs and tissues, and causing inflammation
Allergy Correct Answer: most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells, and
eosinophils; can cause hives, congestion, abdominal issues, and anaphylaxis
