HMX questions and answers all correct
Neutralization Correct Answer: Antibodies will bind to viral particles and prevent them from
being able to bind to viral receptors on the cel; surface.
opsonization Correct Answer: The pathogen will be coated in antibodies. The coating is
recognized by macrophages that have receptors for the Fc region of the antibody. The antibodies
are then recognized by the phagocyte and the pathogen will be ingested and killed.
complement fixation Correct Answer: Antibodies will bind to the surface of microbes and this
will lead to the recruitment of complement proteins that will puncture a hole in the microbe and
kill it.
antibody depedent cellular cytotoxicity Correct Answer: in this pathway, the viral particle in the
cell will release spikr proteins that will be located on the surface of the cell. Antibodies will bind
to the spike protein. The Fc region will be recognized by NK cell that will release granules that
will kill the effected cell.
IgG, D, M, A, E Correct Answer: IgG= general footsoldiers
IgD= lungs
IgE=worms and allergies
IgA= gut--protected from proteases
IgM= can bind 10 microbes. Used in the complement system.
Attacking self--complement fixation Correct Answer: In this pathway, RBCs and epithelial cells
have self receptors. IgG binds to the self receptors on the RBCs and IgM binds to the self
receptors on the epithelial cells. This results in the recruitment of complement proteins that will
lyse the cells and kill them. We do not want this.
attacking self-opsonization Correct Answer: antibodies will bind to antigens on the RBCs and
then a macrophage will be signaled to come and kill the cell. When our own cells are coated with
antibodies it leads to phagocytosis of our own cells.
attacking self--inflammatory response Correct Answer: in this pathway, it is a combination of
complement and opsonization. First an Ig will recognize the self protein on the cell. This will
leads to complement fixation in wich complement proteins are recruited. C3a and C5a are the
inflammatory complement poteins. They act similarly to TNF-a and IL in that they recruit
leukocytes from the blood stream leading to inflammation. Once the neutrophil enter the tissue, it
will recognize the Fc region of the antibody (opsonization). It will attempt to kill the cell, but
since it is locked in place, the NK cell will be unable to kill it=frustrated phagocytosis. So then
neutrophil releases toxic granules that will kill the cell.
attacking self--neutralization Correct Answer: in neutralization, Ig prevents viral particles from
bindin to viral receptors on the cell. When the antibodies start preventing self molecules from
binding to receptors, we have problems.
, clonal selection Correct Answer: when a pathogen is first presented in the cell, there are not B
and T cells in abundance that will recognize the pathogen. At first, maybe one or two
lymphocytes will recognize the pathogen--this is clonal selection.
clonal expansion Correct Answer: The step after clonal selection is clonal expansion. This will
result in the production of 10s of 1000s of lymphocytes that are specific for that intial microbe.
hematopoietic stem cells Correct Answer: these are cells in bone marrow that are committed to
making blood cells. HSC are a precursor to a bunch of different kinds of cells including the
immune cells.
Production of B cells Correct Answer: HSC give rise to common lymphoid progenitor cells.
CLP cells give rise to pro-B cells which differentiate into pre B cells. Pre B-cells only have the
heavy chain portion of the Ig. from these pre-B-cells differentiation happens and a bunch of
different types of B cells are made. These are immature B cells. The immature B cells will have
various Igs attached to them. Then htey travel to the spleen and the lymph node where they will
go through the final stage of maturation.
Production of T cells Correct Answer: HSC--> CLP cells --> Pro-t cells. Pro-T cells then travel
to the thymus for the rest of maturation
Pro-T cell --> replicates and differentiates into pre-T cells that have the B chain of the TCR --.>
differentiation into T cells with both CD8 and CD4 receptors --> final stage= becoming a mature
T cell that is either CD8+ OR CD4+. They then move to the spleen and the lymph nodes.
B cells Vs T cells Correct Answer: B cells are able to see everything. They see viral particles,
fragments, pieces, etc. So they can waste time binding to fragmented pieces that are not harmful
when they could be binding to functioning viral particles that are still able to infiltrate the cell. T
cells on the other hand are blind and require MHC presenting cells to see the viral particles. It
can ignore the viral cloud to get to the viral particles that are the most harmful.
combinatorial and junctional diversity Correct Answer: Ab are encoded by genes that come in
VDJ segments. Recombination of these genes leads to genetic diversity of Abs.
naive T cells Correct Answer: these are mature T cells that have left the thymus for the spleen
and lymph nodes, but they have not yet been exposed to their specific antigen--no clonal
selection and expansion
naive T cell activation Correct Answer: once a naive T cells is exposed to its antigen it becomes
an effector T cell which means it now has the ability to carry out an immune response
dendritic cells Correct Answer: antigen presenting cells--play an important role in T cell
activation. They travel to the lymph nodes/spleen where they activate the naive T cell.
Coreceptors Correct Answer: T cells have different co-receptors--that is what determines which
T cell will bind to the MHC presenting cell.
Neutralization Correct Answer: Antibodies will bind to viral particles and prevent them from
being able to bind to viral receptors on the cel; surface.
opsonization Correct Answer: The pathogen will be coated in antibodies. The coating is
recognized by macrophages that have receptors for the Fc region of the antibody. The antibodies
are then recognized by the phagocyte and the pathogen will be ingested and killed.
complement fixation Correct Answer: Antibodies will bind to the surface of microbes and this
will lead to the recruitment of complement proteins that will puncture a hole in the microbe and
kill it.
antibody depedent cellular cytotoxicity Correct Answer: in this pathway, the viral particle in the
cell will release spikr proteins that will be located on the surface of the cell. Antibodies will bind
to the spike protein. The Fc region will be recognized by NK cell that will release granules that
will kill the effected cell.
IgG, D, M, A, E Correct Answer: IgG= general footsoldiers
IgD= lungs
IgE=worms and allergies
IgA= gut--protected from proteases
IgM= can bind 10 microbes. Used in the complement system.
Attacking self--complement fixation Correct Answer: In this pathway, RBCs and epithelial cells
have self receptors. IgG binds to the self receptors on the RBCs and IgM binds to the self
receptors on the epithelial cells. This results in the recruitment of complement proteins that will
lyse the cells and kill them. We do not want this.
attacking self-opsonization Correct Answer: antibodies will bind to antigens on the RBCs and
then a macrophage will be signaled to come and kill the cell. When our own cells are coated with
antibodies it leads to phagocytosis of our own cells.
attacking self--inflammatory response Correct Answer: in this pathway, it is a combination of
complement and opsonization. First an Ig will recognize the self protein on the cell. This will
leads to complement fixation in wich complement proteins are recruited. C3a and C5a are the
inflammatory complement poteins. They act similarly to TNF-a and IL in that they recruit
leukocytes from the blood stream leading to inflammation. Once the neutrophil enter the tissue, it
will recognize the Fc region of the antibody (opsonization). It will attempt to kill the cell, but
since it is locked in place, the NK cell will be unable to kill it=frustrated phagocytosis. So then
neutrophil releases toxic granules that will kill the cell.
attacking self--neutralization Correct Answer: in neutralization, Ig prevents viral particles from
bindin to viral receptors on the cell. When the antibodies start preventing self molecules from
binding to receptors, we have problems.
, clonal selection Correct Answer: when a pathogen is first presented in the cell, there are not B
and T cells in abundance that will recognize the pathogen. At first, maybe one or two
lymphocytes will recognize the pathogen--this is clonal selection.
clonal expansion Correct Answer: The step after clonal selection is clonal expansion. This will
result in the production of 10s of 1000s of lymphocytes that are specific for that intial microbe.
hematopoietic stem cells Correct Answer: these are cells in bone marrow that are committed to
making blood cells. HSC are a precursor to a bunch of different kinds of cells including the
immune cells.
Production of B cells Correct Answer: HSC give rise to common lymphoid progenitor cells.
CLP cells give rise to pro-B cells which differentiate into pre B cells. Pre B-cells only have the
heavy chain portion of the Ig. from these pre-B-cells differentiation happens and a bunch of
different types of B cells are made. These are immature B cells. The immature B cells will have
various Igs attached to them. Then htey travel to the spleen and the lymph node where they will
go through the final stage of maturation.
Production of T cells Correct Answer: HSC--> CLP cells --> Pro-t cells. Pro-T cells then travel
to the thymus for the rest of maturation
Pro-T cell --> replicates and differentiates into pre-T cells that have the B chain of the TCR --.>
differentiation into T cells with both CD8 and CD4 receptors --> final stage= becoming a mature
T cell that is either CD8+ OR CD4+. They then move to the spleen and the lymph nodes.
B cells Vs T cells Correct Answer: B cells are able to see everything. They see viral particles,
fragments, pieces, etc. So they can waste time binding to fragmented pieces that are not harmful
when they could be binding to functioning viral particles that are still able to infiltrate the cell. T
cells on the other hand are blind and require MHC presenting cells to see the viral particles. It
can ignore the viral cloud to get to the viral particles that are the most harmful.
combinatorial and junctional diversity Correct Answer: Ab are encoded by genes that come in
VDJ segments. Recombination of these genes leads to genetic diversity of Abs.
naive T cells Correct Answer: these are mature T cells that have left the thymus for the spleen
and lymph nodes, but they have not yet been exposed to their specific antigen--no clonal
selection and expansion
naive T cell activation Correct Answer: once a naive T cells is exposed to its antigen it becomes
an effector T cell which means it now has the ability to carry out an immune response
dendritic cells Correct Answer: antigen presenting cells--play an important role in T cell
activation. They travel to the lymph nodes/spleen where they activate the naive T cell.
Coreceptors Correct Answer: T cells have different co-receptors--that is what determines which
T cell will bind to the MHC presenting cell.
