Class notes
College aantekeningen Applied Information Technology (20806)
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College notes 2021/22 + that year's guest lectures
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INF 20806:Information systems, ICT/IT:
- Technology enables new behaviour from consumers, helps to understand how consumers
think and what they like
- Supply chains operate more efficiently
- Business models change
- Legal/ ethical issues (privacy issues)
- Security threats, all about time and being smarter
- Technical challenges/ things that go wrong
Simple business model:
1. Products and services that you will provide
2. Description of the business process(es) required to make and deliver 1
3. Description of your customers + what value your products/ services have to them (value
proposition)
4. Resources that you will need
5. Supply chain partners that need to be involved (e.g. suppliers)
6. How this will generate revenue + profitability (financial viability)
Lecture 2
Porter’s Competitive Forces Model
1. Supplier power (bargaining power of suppliers)
2. Buyer power (bargaining power of buyers)
3. Threat of new entrants
4. Threat of substitute products or services
5. Rivalry (between your and competing organisations)
Porter’s Value Chain Model:
- Primary
Functions
o Inbound logistics
o Operation
o Outbound logistics
o Marketing and sales
o Customer service
Tasks
ICT-support
- Secondary
Porter’s strategies for competitive advantage
1. Cost leader, sell at lowest price
2. Innovation, doing new things so others cannot keep up
3. Customer oriented, treat customers better than competition, better customer value
4. Differentiation, having an advantage due to being different
5. Operational effectiveness, being more efficient than competitors
Business strategy and information technology alignment
,E-commerce: the process of selling, buying, transferring or exchanging products, services or
information via computer networks, including the internet. Pure E-C, product and delivery is digital
E-Business: serving customers, collaborating with business partners, performing electronic
transactions within organization
Types of E-Commerce:
- Business-to-Consumer
- Business-to-Business Ayden (tussenstop), Cheaptickets
- Consumer-to-Consumer Marktplaats
- Business-to-Employee travel tickets
- E-government
o Government-to-Citizen, deliver information and public services to citizens
o Government-to-Business
E-commerce business models:
Online marketing
Electronic tendering
Name your price
Find best price
Affiliate marketing
Viral marketing
Group purchasing
Online auction
Product customization
E-marketplace
Online bartering
Deep discounters
Membership
Storefront: online addition to physical store
Coolblue other way around. Online physical
Identify items: wireless communication!!!
- Through standardized ID’s packages delivered to you, food packages, WUR card, licence
plates on cars, coordinate of location
Wrong IDs can cause harm
- Barcodes/Scanners,
o Traditional barcodes for article identification
o Longer barcodes captures more information
o Necessary to scan up close, person involved
- Two dimensional matrix codes,
o QR code – can capture even more information
o Activate events; go to website
- RFID,
o chips that pass by antennas,
o can be active or passive
o can store much more data
, o antenna can scan from a distance, no person involved, more expensive.
- Sensors: “automated eyes, noses, touch etc (senses) of a supply chain” A device, module, or
subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the
information to other electronics
o Continuous or discrete measurements
o Active or passive
o Offline or connected
o Smart or ‘dumb’, including or excluding local data storage/ processing
Artificial intelligence / intelligent systems
- AI A subfield of computers science that studies human thought processes and re-creates
their effects via machines
- Intelligent system “make decisions by themselves
Intelligent behaviour
- Behaviour by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be considered
intelligent
Intelligent behaviour is:
- Ability to learn
- Ability to process natural language (speak, hear, write, read)
- Ability to process vision (see, recognize)
Artificial intelligence in everyday life
1. Maps and navigation
2. Facial detection and recognition
3. Text editors
4. Search and recommendations
5. Chatbots and digital assistants
6. Social media
Capabilities Natural Intelligence Artificial Intelligence
Preservation of knowledge Perishable from an Permanent
organizational point of view
Duplication and dissemination Difficult, expensive, takes time Easy, fast, and inexpensive
knowledge in a computer
Total cost of knowledge Can be erratic and Consistent and thorough
inconsistent, incomplete at
times
Documentability of process Difficult, expensive Fairly easy, inexpensive
and knowledge
Creativity Can be very high Low, uninspired
Use of sensory experiences Direct and rich in possibilities Must be interpreted first;
limited
Recognizing patterns and Fast, easy to explain Machine learning still not as
relationships good as people in most cases,
but in some cases better than
people
Reasoning Making use of wide context of Good only in narrow, focused
experiences and stable domains
, Turing test, human questioner asks series of questions to both respondents. After specified time, the
questioner tries to decide which terminal is operated by the human respondent and which is
operated by the computer. (Deep fake conversation, AI, different person was speaking protected the
chiefs face on hem)
Lecture 3
Sourcing business processes ( key activities, key partners)
Selling business processes (customer relationships, customers)
Manufacturing business processes (key recources, channels)
Big Data governance concerns:
- Accuracy
- Timeliness
- Reliability
- Relevance
- Completeness
- Validity
How to capture?
- Barcode
- Written down
- Machine connected to computer
- Online markets
Data Volume, how big is the data companies must deal with
Data sharing, where else do business get data from, whom do they provide data to.
- Package
- Online on site
Privacy, more than 10+ gather data about your visit cookies
Data governance, the management of master and transactional data
Master data:
- Core business data
- Typically managed centrally
- Typically shared/ single version of truth
- Data that is informative (adds meaning to transactional data)
Transactional data:
- Data about events, data about here-and-now
- Typically not shared with business partners; often distributed across the organisation
- Often comes from automated systems/ log data
- Needs master data for meaning
- Log data from automated systems
The relational model key concepts
- Tables, rows, columns, domains (reduce the entry of wrong data)
- Relationships, primary key, foreign key
- Eliminate redundancy, normalisation (haal niet langer nodige info weg)
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