This document provides in-depth knowledge with a step-by-step explanation of each and every concept regarding the MOLECULES OF THE CELL to enhance your knowledge
PROTOPLASM
1. Living matter in the animal cells was termed as sarcode by Dujardin in1835.
2. Living matter in plant cells was named protoplasm by Purkinje and von Mohl.
3. The term protoplasm was first coined by Purkinje.
4. Protoplasm was called as the physical basis of life' by Huxley in 1868.
5. Five theories regarding the physical appearance of protoplasm are
(i) Granular Theory - Altmann.
(ii) Alveolar Theory - Butschlii
(iii) Fibrillar Theory - Flemming
(iv) Reticular Theory - Klein and Comoy
(v) Colloidal Theory - Fisher
6. The colloidal theory of protoplasm has been given by Fischer. Protoplasm is a
colloidal system.
7. Cell organelles are embedded in protoplasm.
8. The largest amount of substance in protoplasm in water.
9. Water forms about 80% of protoplasm.
10. Three most important (abundant) elements in protoplasm are. Carbon
Hydrogen and Oxygen
11. Four elements making 99% of the living system are Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
12. The largest constituent element of protoplasm is oxygen by weight (63%).
13. All the protoplasm of a cell except the nucleus (karyoplasm) is termed as
cytoplasm.
14. The term cytoplasm was first introduced by Strasburger in 1882.
15. Cytoplasm contains many cytoplasmic organelles like plastids, mitochondria,
ribosomes, lysosomes, centrioles, Golgi bodies, etc.
16. The term hyaloplasm was first introduced by Pfeffer in 1877.
17. The ribosome-containing components of groundplasmis are called
ergastoplasm, a term introduced by Garnier in 1897.
18. The 'Protoplasm theory' was formulated by Max Schult
, 19. According to protoplasm theory there is a similarity between the protoplasm of
plants and animals.
CARBOHYDRATES
1. Carbohydrates are nature's most abundant organic substance.
2. The principal source of energy for the body is carbohydrates
3. Our food mainly contains carbohydrates.
4. Carbohydrates make up 75 percent of the dry weight of the plant world,
upon which animal life primarily depends.
5. Carbohydrates contain carbon combined with hydrogen and oxygen
often in the same ratio as in water ( 10:2H:10).
6. Carbohydrates are usually divided into the following three classes:
(1) monosaccharides or simple sugar.
(2) oligosaccharides (contain up to 10 monosaccharides) and
(3) polysaccharides (a polymer of more than 10 monosaccharide units).
MONOSACCHARIDES
1. Most sugars have the general formula CH.O.
2. Sugars containing three carbons are known as trioses, those with four carbons as
tetroses, those with five carbons as pentoses, and those with six carbons as
hexoses.
3. Two trioses namely glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are crucial
intermediates in the metabolism of glucose in the glycolytic cycle.
4. Erythrose is a tetrose that forms the raw material for the synthesis of
monosaccharides. anthocyanin and lignin.
5. Pentose sugar ribose is found in every animal cell. It occurs in a number of
compounds which play crucial roles in metabolism, e.g. ATP, ADP, formed.
riboflavin and RNA. Its is found in DNA in its reduced form called deoxyribose
6. The hexoses comprise a large group of sugar, several of which play an important
role in nutrition.
7 The hexoses are divided into aldoses or ketoses according to whether they
contain an aldehyde or keto group.
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