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Samenvatting Psychologie 1e Jaar
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SamenvattingEerste periode
Academiejaar: 2022-2023
Stefia Vandenhoven Docent: David Herpoelaert
,Deel I: Psychologie als wetenschap ................................................................................................................................................. 7
1. Wetenschappelijkheid van de psychologie ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.1. Een definitie van psychologie ...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. Wat maakt psychologie tot een wetenschap? ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.1. Criteria .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.2. Wetenschappelijke methode .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3. Doelstellingen van de psychologie ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.3.1. Theorethische psychologie............................................................................................................................. 9
1.2.3.2. Toegepaste psychologie ................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3. Een definitie van gedrag .............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1. Onderscheid betekenisloze en zinvolle stimulus en reactie ............................................................................. 9
1.3.2. Onderscheid objectief waarneembaar en interpretatie...................................................................................10
1.4. Wat zijn interne processen? ........................................................................................................................................10
1.5. Wanneer nemen we dan iets voor “waar” aan? ........................................................................................................10
2. Korte geschiedenis van de psychologie ............................................................................................................................. 11
2.1. De vroege psychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1. Structuralisme .................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2. Functionalisme ................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. Verschillende invalshoeken ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.1. De biologische invalshoek.................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2. De evolutionaire invalshoek............................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3. De cognitieve invalshoek ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4. De psychodynamische invalshoek ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. De humanistische invalshoek............................................................................................................................. 12
3. Hedendaagse psychologie .................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1. Eclectisch werken........................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2. Het belang van de biologie ......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3. De onmisbaar van cognitieve processen ................................................................................................................... 13
3.4. De mens als deel van de groep ................................................................................................................................... 13
4. Terreinen in de psychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1. Theoretische psychologie ........................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1. Algemene psychologie ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.2. Differentiële, persoonlijkheids- en individuele psychologie............................................................................. 14
4.1.3. Psychopathologie ............................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.4. Sociale psychologie ............................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2. Toegepaste psychologie ............................................................................................................................................. 14
5. Onderzoeksmethoden in de psychologie .......................................................................................................................... 15
5.1. Beschrijvende methodes ............................................................................................................................................ 15
5.1.1. De gevalstudie .................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.2. Observatie........................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.3. Survey (enquëte, peiling) ................................................................................................................................... 15
5.1.4. De test ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.2. Verklarende methodes ............................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.1. Het experiment .................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.2.2. Correlatie-onderzoek .........................................................................................................................................16
5.2.3. Archiefdata .........................................................................................................................................................16
,Deel 2: Leerpsychologie ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
1. Gewenningsleren: habituatie en sensitisatie .................................................................................................................... 19
1.1. Habituatie ....................................................................................................................................................................19
1.2. Sensitisatie...................................................................................................................................................................19
2. Associatieve leertheorieën ................................................................................................................................................ 20
2.1. Klassieke conditionering (Pavlov) ............................................................................................................................. 20
2.1.1. Omschrijving ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.2. Schematische bespreking van een klassieke conditioneringsproef ............................................................... 20
2.1.2.1. Verloop van het experiment......................................................................................................................... 20
2.1.2.2. Schematische voorstelling van het klassieke leer- of conditioneringsproces ............................................ 21
2.1.2.3. Resultaten ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
2.1.2.4. Toepassing (in het dagelijkse leven) ............................................................................................................. 21
2.1.3. Kenmerken van klassieke conditionering of respondent leren ...................................................................... 22
2.1.4. Een aantal principes die aansluiten bij de klassieke conditionering ............................................................... 22
2.1.4.1. Uitdoving van de geconditioneerde reactie en spontaan herstel .............................................................. 22
2.1.4.2. Aversieve conditionering .............................................................................................................................. 22
2.1.4.3. Conditionering van hogere orde .................................................................................................................. 22
2.1.4.4. Prikkelgeneratie of stimulusgeneratie ......................................................................................................... 22
2.1.4.5. Prikkeldiscriminatie of stimulusdiscriminatie .............................................................................................. 23
2.1.4.6. Experimentele neurose................................................................................................................................. 23
2.2. Operante conditionering (Thorndike en Skinner) .................................................................................................... 23
2.2.1. Thorndike: leren door gissen en missen en de Wet van het Effect ................................................................ 23
2.2.1.1. Omschrijving.................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.2.1.2. Schematische voorstelling............................................................................................................................ 23
2.2.2. Skinner (1904-1990): operante of instrumentele conditionering ................................................................... 24
2.2.3. Kenmerken van operante conditionering of instrumentele conditionering .................................................. 24
2.2.4. Overzichtschema ............................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.5. Bekrachtigers ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.5.1. Soorten bekrachtigers .................................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.5.2. Aandachtspunten bij belonen ...................................................................................................................... 25
2.2.5.3. Toepassingen in opvoedingssituaties .......................................................................................................... 25
2.2.6. Straffen .............................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2.6.1. Soorten straffen ............................................................................................................................................ 26
2.2.6.2. Effecten van straffen .................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.6.3. Aandachtspunten bij straffen ....................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.7. Uitdoving ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.7.1. Negeren ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.7.2. Time out (TAVA) ............................................................................................................................................ 27
2.2.7.3. Confrontatie (exposure) ............................................................................................................................... 27
2.2.8. Aard van de contingenties ................................................................................................................................ 27
2.2.9. Het effect van uitstel van versterking .............................................................................................................. 28
2.2.10. Een aantal principes die aansluiten bij de operante conditionering ............................................................... 28
3. Latent leren (NEO-BEHAVIORISME) .................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1. Latent leren (Tolman) ................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.1.1. Omschrijving ...................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2. Experiment in verband met latent leren .......................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2.1. Opzet ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.1.2.2. Resultaten ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.2.3. Besluiten ........................................................................................................................................................ 29
3.1.3. Principes van latent leren.................................................................................................................................. 29
, 4. Model-leren (Bandura)....................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1. Het experiment van Bandura .................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.1. Opzet.................................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.1.2. Resultaten .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.2. Verklaring van het experiment .................................................................................................................................. 30
4.3. Kenmerken van Modeling.......................................................................................................................................... 30
5. Leren en cognitie ................................................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1. Systeem van cognitieve informatieverwerking ......................................................................................................... 31
5.1.1. Waarneming ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1.2. Geheugenbeelden .............................................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.3. Het zintuiglijke geheugen ................................................................................................................................. 32
5.1.4. Het korte-termijn-geheugen (KTG) of werkgeheugen .................................................................................... 32
5.1.5. Het permanent of het lange-termijn-geheugen (LTG) .................................................................................... 32
5.1.5.1. Het declaratieve geheugen .......................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.5.2. Het niet-declaratieve of impliciete geheugen ............................................................................................. 33
5.1.6. Hersenletsels en amnesie ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.2. Onthouden en herinneren ......................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.1. Aandacht en tijd................................................................................................................................................. 33
5.2.2. Verbanden leggen (associaties) ....................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.3. Ordening, structuur ........................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2.4. Cueafhankelijke herinnering ............................................................................................................................. 34
5.2.5. Taakspanning en motivatie ............................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.6. Hevige emoties en herinneringen .................................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Vergeten ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.3.1. Vervaltheorie ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.3.1.1. Ebbinghaus en vergeten ............................................................................................................................... 35
5.3.1.2. Slapen… maakt slim ..................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.2. Interferentietheorie: proactieve en retroactieve inhibitie .............................................................................. 36
5.3.2.1. Retro-actieve inhibitie ................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.2.2. Pro-actieve inhibitie ...................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.3. Infantiele amnesie ............................................................................................................................................. 37
5.4. Vervorming van de herinnering ................................................................................................................................. 37
5.4.1. Graad van vervorming van de herinnering ....................................................................................................... 37
5.4.2. Richting van de vervorming van de herinnering .............................................................................................. 37
Deel 3: Emotie .................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
1. Begrippen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.1. Emoties ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.2. Stemming ................................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.3. Temperament ............................................................................................................................................................. 39
1.4. Karakter en persoonlijkheid ...................................................................................................................................... 39
2. De functies van emoties ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
3. De invloed van het denken op onze emoties: vier elementen ........................................................................................ 40
3.1. De perifere theorie van James en Lange .................................................................................................................. 40
3.2. Arnold: de appraisaltheorie ....................................................................................................................................... 40
3.3. De twee factorentheorie van Schachter ................................................................................................................... 40
3.4. Moderne theorieën ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.4.1. Cognitivistische visie .......................................................................................................................................... 41
3.4.2. Neurologische visie ............................................................................................................................................ 41
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