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samenvatting psychologie

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  • October 21, 2022
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Psychologie



Inhoudsopgave
Deel 1: Psychologie als wetenschap...............................................................................................................................3
1. Wetenschappelijkheid van de psychologie.............................................................................................................3
1.1. Een definitie van psychologie..........................................................................................................................3
1.2. wat maakt psychologie tot een wetenschap?.................................................................................................3
1.3. Een definitie van gedrag...................................................................................................................................3
1.4. Wat zijn interne procesen?..............................................................................................................................4
1.5. Wanneer nemen we dan iets voor ‘waar’ aan?...............................................................................................4
2. Korte geschiedenis van de psychologie..................................................................................................................4
2.1. De vroege psychologie.....................................................................................................................................4
2.2. verschillende invalshoeken..............................................................................................................................4
3. Hedendaagse psychologie.......................................................................................................................................5
3.1. Eclectisch werken.............................................................................................................................................5
3.2. Het belang van de biologie...............................................................................................................................5
3.3. De onmisbaarheid van cognitieve processen..................................................................................................5
3.4. de mens als deel van de groep.........................................................................................................................5
4. Terreinen in de psychologie....................................................................................................................................5
4.1. Theoretische psychologie.................................................................................................................................5
4.2. Toegepaste psychologie...................................................................................................................................5
5. Onderzoeksmethoden in de psychologie................................................................................................................6
5.1. Beschrijvende methodes..................................................................................................................................6
5.2. Verklarende methodes.....................................................................................................................................6
Deel 2: Leerpsychologie..................................................................................................................................................6
1. Gewenningsleren: habituatie en sensitisatie..........................................................................................................6
1.1. Habituatie.........................................................................................................................................................6
1.2. Sensibilisatie.....................................................................................................................................................6
2. Associatieve leertheorieën......................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Klassieke conditionering (Pavlov)....................................................................................................................7
2.2. Operante conditionering (thorndike en skinner).............................................................................................9
3. Latent leren (neo-behaviorisme)..........................................................................................................................13
3.1. Latent leren (tolman).....................................................................................................................................13
4. Model-leren (bandura) of observatie-leren..........................................................................................................14
4.1. Het experiment van Bandura.........................................................................................................................14

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, Psychologie


4.2. Verklaring van het experiment......................................................................................................................14
4.3. Kenmerken van modeling..............................................................................................................................14
5. leren en cognitie...................................................................................................................................................15
5.1. Syteem van cognitieve informatieverwerking...............................................................................................15
5.2. Onthouden en herinneren.............................................................................................................................17
5.3. Vergeten.........................................................................................................................................................18
5.4. vervorming van de herinnering......................................................................................................................19
Deel 3: Emotie...............................................................................................................................................................19
1. Begrippen..............................................................................................................................................................19
1.1. Emoties...........................................................................................................................................................19
1.2. Stemming.......................................................................................................................................................20
1.3. Temperament................................................................................................................................................20
1.4. Karakter en persoonlijkheid...........................................................................................................................20
2. De functies van emoties........................................................................................................................................20
3. De invloed van het denken op onze emoties: vier verklaringen..........................................................................20
3.1. de perifere theorie van james en lange.........................................................................................................20
3.2. Arnold: de apprausaltheorie..........................................................................................................................20
3.3. De twee factorentheorie van schachter........................................................................................................21
3.4. moderne theorieën........................................................................................................................................21
4. Stemming en denken............................................................................................................................................21
4.1. Effect op wat we denken (affectpriming)......................................................................................................21
4.2. emotie en gedrag...........................................................................................................................................21
4.3. het emotionele geheugen..............................................................................................................................22
Deel 4: Motivatie...........................................................................................................................................................22
1. Wat is motivatie?..................................................................................................................................................22
1.1. Definitie..........................................................................................................................................................22
2. Theorieën..............................................................................................................................................................22
2.1. Instuncttheorie...............................................................................................................................................23
2.2. Drijfveertheorie..............................................................................................................................................23
2.3. Drifftheorie van freud....................................................................................................................................23
2.4. de behoeftepiramide van maslow.................................................................................................................23
2.5. Cognitieve theorieën......................................................................................................................................24
3. Toepassingen.........................................................................................................................................................25
3.1. faalangst: de visie van raynor........................................................................................................................25

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, Psychologie


3.2. aangeleerde hulpeloosheid: de visie van dweck...........................................................................................25
3.3. rol van de opvoeder.......................................................................................................................................25

DEEL 1: PSYCHOLOGIE ALS WETENSCHAP.

1. WETENSCHAPPELIJKHEID VAN DE PSYCHOLOGIE.


1.1. EEN DEFINITIE VAN PSYCHOLOGIE.
 Psychologie is de wetenschappelijke studie van het gedrag en de onderliggende mentale processen.
 Mensenkennis is niet wetenschappelijk onderbouwt.


1.2. WAT MAAKT PSYCHOLOGIE TOT EEN WETENSCHAP?

1.2.1. CRITERIA.
 Objectief waarneembaar: Bevindingen onafhankelijk, iedereen dezelfde bevindingen.
 Systematische observatie: Methode van observatie voorhand vastlegt.
 Eenduidige verklaring: Andere verklaringen voor hetzelfde verband is uitgesloten.

1.2.2. WETENSCHAPPELIJKE METHODE (5 STAPPEN).
1. Hypothese: veronderstelling over hoe 1 of meerdere factoren zich tegenover elkaar verhouden.
2. Experiment:
 Onafhankelijke variabel: Condities men gaat manipuleren.
 Afhankelijke variabel: Condities die vastliggen.
3. Resultaten verzamelen: Objectiviteit bereiken.
4. Hypothese van gegevens: Verzamelde data hypothese bevestigd of tegenspreekt.
5. Bekend maken en bediscussiëren:
 Representativiteit: Betrokken groep wel representatief voor hele groep.
 Significantie: Mate waarin onafhankelijke variabele de afhankelijke variabele beïnvloedt voldoende?
 Betrouwbaarheid: Bekom dezelfde resultaten na herhaling.
 Validiteit: Heb je alles goed gemeten?

1.2.3. DOELSTELLINGEN VAN DE PSYCHOLOGIE.
 Theoretische psychologie: Wetenschappelijke werkwijze.
 Beschrijven: Fenomeen nauwkeurig omschrijven.
 Verklaren: Oorzaken verschijnselen opzoeken.
 Voorspelen: Oorzaak bekend is, gevolgen herhalen -) oorzaak opnieuw optreden.
 Toegepaste psychologie: Gedrag gaan beïnvloeden.


1.3. EEN DEFINITIE VAN GEDRAG.
 Gedrag is een zinvolle reactie op een zinvolle stimulus.

1.3.1. ONDERSCHEID STIMULUS EN REACTIE.



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