nurs 5315 nurs5315 patho endocrine module 8 graded a nurs 5315 nurs5315 patho endocrine module 8 graded a
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NURS 5315 (NURS5315)
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Endocrine
Module 8
Endocrine Anatomy and Physiology
Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system:
1. Examine the production and action of hormones produced by the thyroid,
pancreas, and adrenal glands.
Thyroid: (pg. 701-702)
o Thyroxine (T4) ~90% & Triiodothyronine (T3) ~10%:
Controlled by TSH (from anterior pituitary) and released in
response to metabolic demand
Influences (based on amount secreted):
Gender
Pregnancy
Gonadal and adrenocortical-increased steroids (Increases
levels),
Exposure to extreme cold (Increases levels)
Nutritional state
Dopamine (Decreases levels)
Chemicals
Catecholamines (Increases levels)
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (Decreases levels)
Functions:
Regulates metabolic rate of all cells
Regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate catabolism in all
cells
Regulates body heat production
Maintains growth hormone secretion/skeletal maturation
Insulin antagonist
Affects CNS development
Necessary for muscle tone/vigor
Maintains cardiac rate/force/output
Maintains secretion of GI tract
Affects respiratory rate and oxygen utilization
Maintains calcium mobilization
Affects RBC production
Stimulates lipid turnover/ free fatty acid release/ cholesterol
synthesis
, o Calcitonin:
An elevated serum calcium is the major stimulant for calcitonin;
Other stimulants include:
Gastrin, Calcium-rich foods, Pregnancy, Lowered serum Ca
(suppresses Calcitonin release)
Functions:
Lowers serum Ca by opposing bone-resorbing effects of
PTH, prostaglandins, calciferols by inhibiting osteoclastic
activity
Lowers serum phosphate levels
May decrease Ca and P absorption in GI tract
Deficiencies of Calcitonin do NOT lead to hypocalcemia
Used to treat osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget bone
disease, hypercalcemia, osteogenesis imperfecta, metastatic
cancer of bone
Pancreas (pg. 703-704)
o Houses the islets of Langerhans which has 4 types of hormone-secreting
cells (Alpha, Beta, Delta, F(PP) Cells)
o The following hormones regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism
o Glucagon
Secreted from Alpha Cells and cells lining GI tract
High glucose levels can inhibit glucagon release; Low glucose
levels and sympathetic stim glucagon release
Amino acids stim glucagon secretion; Protein rich meal can do the
same
Excess of glucagon just as important as deficiency of insulin in
diabetes
Functions:
Acts primarily in the liver and increases blood glucose; Acts
as an antagonist to insulin
Stimulates lipolysis
o Insulin
Anabolic hormone secreted from Beta Cells
Functions mainly in liver, muscle, adipose tissue (see Table 21-7);
Brain, RBCs, kidney, and lens of eye do NOT require insulin for
glucose transport
Secretion promoted when blood levels of glucose, amino acids, and
gastrointestinal hormones increase AND when Beta Cells are
stimulated parasympathetically; Secretion is decreased in response
to low glucose levels, prostaglandin, high levels of insulin (through
negative feedback), and Sympathetic stimulation of Alpha Cells
Metabolized in liver and kidney
Functions:
, Promotes synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids;
goal is to stimulate protein/fat synthesis and decrease blood
glucose levels
Facilitates rate of glucose uptake in body cells- Activates
GLUT for entry of glucose into the cell (pg. 705); associated
with a 10-21x increase in glucose diffusion into cell
o Amylin
Secreted from Beta Cells; co-secreted with insulin
Function:
Regulates blood glucose levels by delaying nutrient uptake
and suppressing glucagon after meals
Has satiety effect and antihyperglycemic effect
Used in treatment of Type 1 & 2 diabetes
o Gastrin
Secreted from Delta Cells
Function not established; likely plays role in controlling glucagon
secretion
o Ghrelin
Levels rise before meal to stimulate appetite, then fall after to
promote satiety
Hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia are associated with
decreased levels in Type 2 diabetes
Decreased circulating levels have been links to alterations with
insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and obesity
Function:
Stimulates GH secretion and plays a role in obesity and
regulation of insulin sensitivity
o Somatostatin
Secreted from Delta Cells
Function:
Involved in regulating Alpha and Beta cell function within the
islets by inhibiting secretion of insulin, glucagon, and
pancreatic polypeptide
o Pancreatic Polypeptide
Secreted from F (PP) Cells in response to hypoglycemia and
protein-rich meals
Function:
Stimulates Y-receptors in gallbladder, exocrine pancreas,
parietal cells in gut
Stimulates gastric secretion and antagonizes cholecystokinin
Usually increased in pancreatic tumors and in diabetes
Adrenal Glands (pg. 706-710)
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