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The human skeleton
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BIOLOGY1
a) Explain how support in plants is achieved
Turgor pressure due to absorption of water keeps cells firm hence hold herbaceous plants
upright
collenchyma and clerenchyma tissues are closely packed in stem and roots to provide support
inelastic cuticle on epidermis is covered by a waxy layer hence keeping shape of plant and
setting inward pressure against turgid cells and this causes a force to hold plant upright
xylem vessels and tracheids are lignified to provide support to stems, roots and leaves
climbing plants obtain mechanical support from other plants and objects
they have climbing structures like tendrils which hold on to other objects
b) Give the reasons why support is necessary in animals
For attachment of muscles
For attachment of other body organs
To protect delicate body organs
To maintain body shape/form
To enable movement/locomotion
c) Why is movement necessary in animals?
Enables animals to search for food
Enables animals to search for shelter
Enables animals to escape predators/harmful conditions
Enables animals to Search for water
Enables animals to search for mates
Enables animals to search for breeding sites
d) i) Name the organ used for support by animals
- Skeleton
ii) Name the different types of skeletons in animals, giving an example of an animal for
each type of skeleton named
exoskeleton e.g. arthropoda (crab, insect)
endoskeleton e. g. chordata (cat, fish)
iii) State the difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton
endoskeleton is a rigid framework covered by body tissues of an animal
, exoskeleton is a rigid framework found on the surface of an animal
iv) State the advantages of having an exoskeleton
supports/protects delicate inner parts
water proof/prevents drying up of body
provided surface for muscle attachment
v) Explain the importance of having an endoskeleton
support the body
give body its shape
protect delicate organs e. g. skull, brain, ribs
used in locomotion e.g. bones serve as levers
red blood cells are formed in bone marrow
minerals are stored in bones e. g. calcium and phosphorus
e) i) Explain how a fish is adapted to living in Water
streamlined body for easy movement in water
swim bladder controls depth of swimming
fins for movement, balance, direction and stability,
gills for gaseous exchange in water
presence of lateral line to sense vibrations
scales provide protection.
colour which offers camouflage against predators
ii) Explain how a finned fish is adapted, to locomotion in Water
streamlined body to reduce resistance/friction) to swim smoothly)
the vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae held together loosely so that it is flexible
myotomes/muscles associated with vertebral column produce movement
the sideways and backwards thrust of the tail and body against water results in resistance of
water pushing the fish sideways and forwards in a direction opposed to thrust
heat not flexible so as to maintain forward thrust
presence of fins helps in propulsion/balance/paired fins (pectoral and pelvic) for controlling
pitch and slow down movement/unpaired fins (dorsal, ventral, anal) for yawing and rolling
(caudal) for swimming/propulsion and steering/change of direction
presence of swim bladder to make fish buoyant
scales tip towards the back to provide smooth surface
body covered with mucus to reduce friction
flattened surface for easy floating
f) i) Name the main parts of the vertebral column giving the types of bones found in each
part
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