Samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges van Kwantitatieve methoden (Hoorcolleges 1 tot en met 7).
De hoorcollegestof is uitgewerkt en belangrijke begrippen zijn dikgedrukt. Soms zijn er voorbeelden gegeven of afbeeldingen toegevoegd.
Review of important concepts:
- Variables: dependent & independent
- Distributions: univariate and bivariate
- Mean, variance, covariance
- Hypothesis testing (and all its concepts)
Regression analysis:
Technique to understand and quantitatively summarize
relationships among variables: techniek om de relaties tussen
variabelen te begrijpen en op kwantitatieve wijze samen te
vatten.
, - Learn the basis of this technique
- Learn how to apply this technique
- Learn how to interpret this technique
Dus: je leert de basis van de techniek en je leert hoe je het
toepast en interpreteert.
Relations between variables
- Afhankelijke variabele (dependent variable) Y
o Variable to be explained/variabele die je wil
uitleggen.
o Voorbeeld: je gaat onderzoek doen naar de cijfers
van leerlingen.
- Onafhankelijke (independent variable) variabele X
o Explanatory variable/variabele waarmee je het gaat
uitleggen.
o Voorbeeld: klasgrootte, funding.
- Regress Y on X
- Causal effect is often hypothesized, but not necessarily:
positieve en negatieve effecten -> correlatie betekent niet
automatisch causatie.
Examples public administration/voorbeelden bij
Bestuurskunde:
What is the relationship between:
- Civil servant motivation and output?
,- Municipality spending and economic growth?
- Law enforcement effort and crime rates?
- Management strategies and school success?
Why?
- Preparation for service career
Perform analyses to aid decision-makers (bestuurders sturen
door analyses te maken en ze zo te helpen om beslissingen
te nemen).
Collect information to support decisionmakers (informatie
verzamelen om bestuurders te supporten).
Make well-informed evidence-based decisions (beslissingen
nemen die goede bewijzen bevatten).
- Private sector roles
- Practiced and discerning consumer of information.
Example of associations between variables in research
projects
- Which school management strategies will be effective?
- Will school management strategies that target students
from disadvantaged households improve test results?
- Is there a relationship between the amount of
disadvantaged students and test results?
How to compute the correlation coefficient? (het berekenen van
de correlatiecoëfficiënt).
, Correlation coefficient (rho) or r
- Degree or strength of (linear) association between two
variables
o (Mate of sterkte van (lineaire) associatie tussen twee
variabelen)
- Is the standardized covariation1 between two variables X
and Y
o (Is de gestandaardiseerde covariantie tussen twee
variabelen X en Y).
- Standardization with respect to scale (variation in X and
variation in Y)
o Standaardisatie met betrekking tot de schaal.
Formule om de correlatiecoëfficiënt te berekenen:
1
De covariantie is in de statistiek en kansrekening een parameter die bij twee
toevalsvariabelen aangeeft in welke mate de beide toevalsvariabelen (lineair)
met elkaar samenhangen. De covariantie geeft aan of, en indirect in welke
mate, de waarden van de ene variabele toe- dan wel afnemen bij
toenemende waarden van de andere.[1].
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