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Samenvatting Sociale psychologie
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2021-2022 Sociale psychologie OrthostudentSociale psychologie:
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding: .................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Inleiding: ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2 Definitie van sociale psychologie en toelichting: ........................................................................................... 6
1.3 Het onderzoek in de sociale psychologie: ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 Wat is een experiment?: ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.2 Waarom doet men experimenten?: ....................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 Voor- en nadelen van experimenteel onderzoek: .................................................................................. 7
1.3.4 Toelichting afkortingen en begrippen in de cursus: ............................................................................... 7
1.4 Belang van sociale psychologie voor de orthopedagoog:.............................................................................. 8
Hoofdstuk 2: Sociale zelf: ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Zelfconcept: ................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 De oorsprong van het zelfconcept: ........................................................................................................ 8
2.1.2 Introspectie: .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Percepties van eigen gedrag:........................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4 De invloed van anderen:................................................................................................................ 10
2.1.5 Het autobiografische geheugen: ................................................................................................... 11
2.1.6 culturele perspectieven: ................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Zelfwaardering: ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 De behoefte aan zelfwaardering: ......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Invloeden van geslacht, ras en cultuur: ......................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 De zelfdiscrepantietheorie: ........................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 De zelfbewustzijnsval: ................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Beperkingen van zelfregulatie: ...................................................................................................... 15
2.2.6 Mechanismen van zelfverheerlijking: ............................................................................................ 15
2.2.7 Hoe goed zijn positieve illusies voor onze psychische gezondheid?: ............................................ 16
2.3 Zelfpresentatie:...................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 De twee zijden van zelfpresentatie: ..................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Individuele verschillen in zelfsturing: ............................................................................................ 17
2.4 Het zelf met zijn vele facetten: .............................................................................................................. 17
Hoofdstuk 3: Persoonsperceptie: ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Elementen van sociale perceptie: ................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.1 Personen:.............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2 Situaties: ............................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3 Gedragsevidentie: ................................................................................................................................ 18
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3.2 Attributies: ................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1 Attributietheorieën: ............................................................................................................................. 19
3.2.2 Vertekening van attributies .................................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Integratie: .................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Informatie-integratie: de rekenkunde: ................................................................................................. 23
3.3.2 Afwijkingen in impressievorming: ........................................................................................................ 23
3.4 Vertekeningen: van impressies naar de realiteit: ........................................................................................ 24
3.4.1 Persistentie van opvattingen: ............................................................................................................... 24
3.4.2 Confirmatorische hypothesetoestsing: ................................................................................................ 24
3.4.3 Zelfvervullende voorspelling: ............................................................................................................... 24
3.5 Annexe: Zelfperceptie en persoonsperceptie: jezelf zien en gezien worden: ............................................... 25
Hoofdstuk 5: Attitude- of gedragsverandering: ............................................................................................. 26
5.1 Attitude als begrip: ...................................................................................................................................... 26
5.1.1 Definite van het begrip attitude: .......................................................................................................... 26
5.1.2 Kenmerken van een attitude: ............................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Totstandkoming van attitudes: ................................................................................................................... 26
5.2.1 Genen en persoonlijkheidsstructuur: ................................................................................................... 27
5.2.2 Het belang van referentiegroepen: ...................................................................................................... 27
5.2.3 Conditionering: ..................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.4 Maatschappelijke positie:..................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.5 Streven naar overeenkomst tussen nieuwe en bestaande attitude: ................................................... 27
5.2.6 De rol van informatie:........................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 De relatie tussen attitudes en gedrag: ........................................................................................................ 27
5.3.1 De sterkte van een attitude en attitudeconform gedrag: .................................................................... 28
5.3.2 De subjectieve norm of het belang van relevante anderen: ................................................................ 28
5.3.3 De inschatting van controle over het eigen gedrag:............................................................................. 28
5.3.4 De intentie om zich op een bepaalde manier te gedragen: ................................................................. 28
5.4 Attitude-en gedragsveranderingg: .............................................................................................................. 29
5.4.1 Veranderbaarheid van attitudes: ......................................................................................................... 29
5.4.2 (Aanzetten tot) veranderen van attitudes via informatieverstrekking: ............................................... 29
5.4.3 Veranderen van attitudes door creeren van dissonantie: .................................................................... 30
5.4.3.1 Experimenten, de probleemstelling: ............................................................................................. 30
5.4.3.2 Theorie, cognitieve dissonantietheorie van Festinger: ................................................................. 30
5.4.3.3 Experimenten, de bespreking:....................................................................................................... 31
5.4.3.4 Cognitieve dissonantietheorie, een nieuwe kijk:........................................................................... 32
Hoofstuk 6: Autonomie en machtsoverwicht: ............................................................................................... 32
6.1 Verschillende vormen van sociale invloed op het continuüm: ..................................................................... 32
6.2 Conformiteit: ............................................................................................................................................... 33
6.2.1 Basisexperimenten: .............................................................................................................................. 33
6.2.2 Waarom confromeert men?:................................................................................................................ 33
6.3 Inwilliging: ................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.3.1 Wederkerigheidsnorm:......................................................................................................................... 35
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6.3.2 Verschillende verzoekstrategieën: (experimenten zie cursus) ............................................................. 35
6.4 Gehoorzaamheid: ........................................................................................................................................ 35
6.4.1 Basisexperiment van Milgram: ............................................................................................................. 36
6.4.2 Verschillen tussen conformisme en gehoorzaamheid: ........................................................................ 37
6.4.3 Wanneer beïnvloeding leidt tot opstand en verzet:............................................................................. 37
Hoofdstuk 7: Pro-sociaal gedrag:................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 Waarom helpt men? .................................................................................................................................... 37
7.1.1 Evolutieleer bij hulpvaardigheid: .......................................................................................................... 38
7.1.2 Anderen helpen om zichzelf te helpen: ................................................................................................ 38
7.1.3 Altruïsme of egoïsme: .......................................................................................................................... 38
7.2 Wanneer helpt men?: .................................................................................................................................. 39
7.2.1 Sociale onverschilligheid?:.................................................................................................................... 39
7.2.2 Stemmingen en emotionele factoren: ................................................................................................. 42
7.3 Wie helpt?: .................................................................................................................................................. 42
7.3.1 Helpen sommige personen meer dan andere?: ................................................................................... 42
7.3.2 Wat is altruïstische persoonlijkheid?:................................................................................................... 42
7.4 Wie helpt men?: .......................................................................................................................................... 42
7.4.1 Eigenschappen van de persoon in nood?: ............................................................................................ 42
7.4.2 De combinatie van helper en ontvanger: ............................................................................................. 43
7.5 Het stockholmsyndroom, een bijzondere vorm van solidariteit: ................................................................. 44
7.6 Reacties op hulpverlening:........................................................................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 8: Stress en gezondheid: .............................................................................................................. 45
8.1 Stress en gezondheid: .................................................................................................................................. 45
8.2 Wat veroorzaakt stress?: ............................................................................................................................. 45
8.3 Hoe beïnvloedt stress het lichaam?: ............................................................................................................ 46
8.3.1 Algemeen adaptiesyndroom: ............................................................................................................... 46
8.3.2 De invloed van stress op het hart: ........................................................................................................ 46
8.4 Beoordelingsprocessen: ............................................................................................................................... 46
8.4.1 Attributionele en verklarende stijlen: .................................................................................................. 46
8.4.2 Perceptie van controle: ........................................................................................................................ 47
8.4.3 Optimisme en hoop: ............................................................................................................................. 48
8.4.4 Gulden middenweg: ............................................................................................................................. 49
8.5 Omgaan met stress-copingprocessen:......................................................................................................... 49
8.5.1 De probleemgerichte coping: ............................................................................................................... 49
8.5.2 Emotiegerichte coping:......................................................................................................................... 49
8.5.3 Proactief omgaan met stress: ............................................................................................................... 50
8.6 De ‘sociale’ ingrediënt in de behandeling: ................................................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 4: Groepen:.................................................................................................................................. 52
4.1 De groep: ..................................................................................................................................................... 52
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4.1.1 De groepsontwikkeling: ........................................................................................................................ 52
4.1.1.1 Groepsontwikkeling volgens Tuckman: ......................................................................................... 52
4.1.1.2 Hoe kan je als begeleider de groepsontwikkeling van een begeleidingsgroep ondersteunen:..... 54
4.1.3 Taakgerichte groepen en relatiegerichte groepen: .............................................................................. 56
4.1.4 Normen-rollen-cohesie ........................................................................................................................ 56
4.1.4.1 Normen: ........................................................................................................................................ 56
4.1.4.2 Rollen:............................................................................................................................................ 57
4.1.4.3 Cohesie of verbondenheid: ........................................................................................................... 58
4.1.5 Verbondenheid beïnvloeden: ............................................................................................................... 58
4.1.5.1 Methodieken om positieve verbondenheid te creëren binnen een groep: .................................. 58
4.1.5.2 Internet en sociale media: verhoging of belemmering van verbondenheid: ................................ 59
4.1.6 Kinderen en jongeren in specifieke groepen: de begeleidingsgroep en de hanggroep: ...................... 60
4.1.6.1 De begeleidingsgroep – leefgroep: ................................................................................................ 60
4.1.6.2 De hanggroep: ............................................................................................................................... 61
4.2 Conflicten binnen groepen:.......................................................................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Kenmerken van conflict: ....................................................................................................................... 61
4.2.2 Destructieve en constructieve conflicten: ............................................................................................ 62
4.2.3 Conflcitstijlen: ....................................................................................................................................... 62
4.2.4 Interventies bij confliccten in een begeleidingsgroep: ......................................................................... 63
4.2.5 Reageren op conflicten tussen client en begeleider: ........................................................................... 64
4.3 Groepsperceptie: ......................................................................................................................................... 65
4.3.1 Stereotypen: ......................................................................................................................................... 65
4.3.2 Vooroordelen: ...................................................................................................................................... 66
4.3.2.1 Intergroep conflict: ........................................................................................................................ 67
4.3.2.2 Sociale identiteitstheorie: ............................................................................................................. 67
4.3.3 Hoe vooroordeel en discriminatie verminderen: ................................................................................. 67
4.3.3.1 Intergroepcontact:......................................................................................................................... 67
4.3.3.2 Decategorisatie en hercategorisatie:............................................................................................. 67
4.3.4 Effectief omgaan met diversiteit: ......................................................................................................... 68
4.4 Hoe we door anderen beïnvloed worden:.................................................................................................... 68
4.4.1 Sociale facilitatie of belemmering?: ..................................................................................................... 68
4.4.2 Lijntrekken: ........................................................................................................................................... 69
4.4.3 De paradigma’s van sociale faciliteiten en lijntrekken verenigen: ....................................................... 69
4.4.4 Als men de controle verliest: ................................................................................................................ 70
4.5 Groepsprocessen: ........................................................................................................................................ 70
4.5.1 Groepsprestatie: ................................................................................................................................... 70
4.5.1.1 Eigenschappen van de taak en doelstelling: .................................................................................. 70
4.5.1.2 Eigenheid van de groep: ................................................................................................................ 71
4.5.1.3 De eigenheid van het groepsproces of de manier waarp de groepsactiviteiten wordt aangepakt:
................................................................................................................................................................... 73
4.5.2 Groepspolarisatie: ................................................................................................................................ 74
4.5.3 Groepsdenken: ..................................................................................................................................... 74
Hoofdstuk 9: Agressie: (Enkel 9.4 in verwerkt, de rest lezen)......................................................................... 76
9.4 Geweldloos verzet in gezinnnen: ................................................................................................................. 76
9.4.1 Ouderlijke aanwezigheid: ..................................................................................................................... 77
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