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Samenvatting Gezondheid, welzijn en preventie
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2020-2021 Gezondheid, welzijn en preventie OrthostudentGEZONDHEID, WELZIJN EN
PREVENTIE
INHOUDSOPGAVE
Hoofdstuk 1: Begripomschrijving: ................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Gezondheid: ............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Ziekte: ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Pathologie:....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Gezondheidsbeleid:.................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1 In Vlaanderen: ............................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Gezondheidszorg: .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Curatieve gezondheidszorg: .......................................................................................................... 10
1.4.1.1 Nuldelijnsgezondheidszorg: ....................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1.2 Eerstelijnsgezondheidszorg: ...................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1.3 Tweedelijnsgezondheidszorg:.................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1.4 Derdelijnsgezondheidszorg: ...................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1.5 Vierdelijnsgezondheidszorg: ...................................................................................................... 12
1.4.2 Preventieve gezondheidszorg:....................................................................................................... 12
1.4.2.1 Primaire preventie: de veiligheid en de hygiëne: ...................................................................... 13
1.4.2.2 Secundaire preventie: vroegtijdige opsporing: ......................................................................... 13
1.4.2.3 Tertiaire preventie: herstel:....................................................................................................... 13
1.5 GVO of Gezondheidsvoorlichting en -opvoeding: .................................................................................. 13
1.5.1 Proces van GVO: ............................................................................................................................ 14
1.5.1.1 Probleemanalyse: ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.5.1.2 Bepaling van de gedragsdeterminanten:................................................................................... 14
1.5.1.3 Gedragsbeïnvloeding: ................................................................................................................ 15
1.5.1.4 Evaluatie: ................................................................................................................................... 16
1.6 ADL-assistentie: ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 2: Fysiologie en anatomie inleiding: ............................................................................................. 18
2.1 De levensverrichtingen van de cel: .............................................................................................................. 18
2.1.1 De vegetatieve levensverrichtingen van de cel: ................................................................................... 18
2.1.2 Animale levensverrichtingen van de cel: .............................................................................................. 20
2.2 Arbeidsverdeling: ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2.3 De functies van organen en weefsels: ......................................................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Weefsels en organen voor levensverrichtingen: .................................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Verbindingssystemen in het menselijk lichaam: .................................................................................. 21
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,2020-2021 Gezondheid, welzijn en preventie Orthostudent
2.4 Anatomische beschrijvingen: ....................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.1 Anatomische positie/richting: .............................................................................................................. 21
2.4.2 Anatomie van doorsneden: .................................................................................................................. 22
2.4.3 De ligging van de organen: ................................................................................................................... 23
2.5 Het bewegingsapparaat: ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.5.1 Botten: .................................................................................................................................................. 24
2.5.2 Gewrichten: .......................................................................................................................................... 26
2.5.3 Spieren: ................................................................................................................................................ 28
2.5.3.1 Skeletspieren: ................................................................................................................................ 28
2.5.4 Richtingsaanduidingen: ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.6 Zenuwstelsel: ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 3: De motorische ontwikkeling van het kind: ............................................................................... 33
3.1 Inleiding: ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.2 Het eerste levensjaar, de babyreacties: ....................................................................................................... 33
3.3 De willekeurige motoriek van baby’s:.......................................................................................................... 34
3.3.1 De mijlpalen van de motorische ontwikkeling: .................................................................................... 34
3.3.2 Reiken en grijpen: ................................................................................................................................. 36
3.4 De ontplooiing van motorische vaardigheden na het tweede jaar: ............................................................ 37
3.4.1 De peuter van twee-en-een half-drie jaar: ........................................................................................... 37
3.4.2 De kleuter van vier, vijf, zes jaar:.......................................................................................................... 38
Hoofdstuk 4: bloed en afweersysteem: ......................................................................................................... 39
4.1 De samenstelling van het bloed:.................................................................................................................. 39
4.1.1 Bloedplasma: ........................................................................................................................................ 39
4.1.2 Rode bloedcellen of erytrocyten: ......................................................................................................... 39
4.1.3 De witte bloedcellen of leukocyten: ..................................................................................................... 39
4.1.4 Bloedplaatjes of trombocyten: ............................................................................................................. 40
4.2 De functies van het bloed: ........................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.1 Transport: ............................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.2 Afweerfunctie: ...................................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Infectie en immuniteit: ................................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.1 Het besmettingsproces: ....................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.1.1 De gast of besmetter: .................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.1.2 De gastheer: .................................................................................................................................. 42
4.4 Immuniteit: .................................................................................................................................................. 43
4.4.1 Actieve immuninsatie: .......................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.2 Passieve immuninsatie: ........................................................................................................................ 44
4.5 WIjze van besmetting: ................................................................................................................................. 44
4.5.1 Directe transmissie: .............................................................................................................................. 44
4.5.2 Indirecte transmissie: ........................................................................................................................... 44
4.6 Infectieziekten: ............................................................................................................................................ 44
4.6.1 Verloop: ................................................................................................................................................ 44
4.6.2 Epidemie, endemie en pandemie: ........................................................................................................ 45
4.6.3 Vaccinaties:........................................................................................................................................... 45
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,2020-2021 Gezondheid, welzijn en preventie Orthostudent
4.6.4 HIV – aids: ............................................................................................................................................. 45
4.7 Bloedgroepen: ............................................................................................................................................. 48
4.7.1 ABO-bloedgroepen: .............................................................................................................................. 48
4.7.2 Bloedtransfusie:.................................................................................................................................... 49
4.7.3 Het resussysteem: ................................................................................................................................ 49
Hoofdstuk 5: Seksuele en relationele vorming: ............................................................................................. 51
5.1 Inleiding: ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
5.2 Ondersteuning seksuele ontwikkeling: ........................................................................................................ 51
5.2.1 Jongeren moeten zich kunnen ontwikkelen tot volwassenen, die seksualiteit en relaties zinvol in hun
leven kunnen integreren: .............................................................................................................................. 51
5.2.2 Een seksuele en relationele moraal verwerven: .................................................................................. 51
5.2.3 Risico’s als ongewenste zwangerschap, aids en soa, ongewenste seks en seksueel misbruik kunnen
voorkomen: ................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.3 Het vlaggensysteem: ................................................................................................................................... 52
Hoofstuk 6: Aangeboren afwijkingen: ........................................................................................................... 57
6.1 Afwijkingen door beïnvloeding van de embryonale en foetale ontwikkeling: ............................................. 57
6.1.1 Begrip Teratologie: ............................................................................................................................... 57
6.1.2 Effecten: ............................................................................................................................................... 58
6.2 Afwijkingen door een abnormaal chromosomenpatroon:........................................................................... 58
6.2.1 Monosomie: ......................................................................................................................................... 58
6.2.2 Trisome: ................................................................................................................................................ 58
6.3 Afwijkingen door erfelijke aandoeningen (genetica): .................................................................................. 59
6.3.1 Autosomaal dominante overerving: ..................................................................................................... 59
6.3.2 Autosomaal recessieve overerving: ...................................................................................................... 60
6.3.3 X-gebonden recessieve overerving: ..................................................................................................... 61
6.4 Multifactoriële erfelijke aandoeningen: ...................................................................................................... 63
6.5 Perinatale afwijkingen: ................................................................................................................................ 63
6.6 Erfelijkheidsadvies: ...................................................................................................................................... 63
6.6.1 Voorspellend DNA onderzoek: ............................................................................................................. 63
6.6.2 Prenatale diagnostiek: onderzoek tijdens de zwangerschap: .............................................................. 64
6.6.3 Mogelijke onderzoeken: ....................................................................................................................... 64
Hoofdstuk 7: Voeding: .................................................................................................................................. 68
7.1 Gezonde voeding: ........................................................................................................................................ 68
7.2 Macronutriënten: ........................................................................................................................................ 69
7.2.1 Koolhydraten: ....................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2.2 Vetten: .................................................................................................................................................. 74
7.2.3 Eiwitten: ............................................................................................................................................... 76
7.2.4 Water:................................................................................................................................................... 77
7.3 Micronutrienten: ......................................................................................................................................... 77
7.3.1 Mineralen: ............................................................................................................................................ 77
7.3.2 Vitamines:............................................................................................................................................. 77
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, 2020-2021 Gezondheid, welzijn en preventie Orthostudent
7.3.3 Voedinsvezels: ...................................................................................................................................... 78
7.4 Voedingsdriehoek: ....................................................................................................................................... 78
7.5 Het verband tussen voeding en het ontstaan van ziekten: .......................................................................... 79
7.5.1 Mondaandoeningen: ............................................................................................................................ 79
7.5.2 Eetstoornissen: ..................................................................................................................................... 80
7.5.3 Obesitas: ............................................................................................................................................... 80
7.6 Gezonde keuzes maken: .............................................................................................................................. 83
7.6.1 Gezondheidslabel: ................................................................................................................................ 83
hoofdstuk 8: De invloed van bewegen op gezondheid:.................................................................................. 84
8.1 Fysiologische veranderingen door beweging: ............................................................................................. 84
8.2 Invloed van bewegen op de fysieke gezondheid: ......................................................................................... 84
8.3 Invloed van bewegen op mentale gezondheid: ........................................................................................... 86
8.4 Hoeveel bewegen, hoe gezonder? De dosis-respons relatie: ....................................................................... 86
8.5 Tijd voor actie! Hoe activeren? Bewegingspromotie: .................................................................................. 87
Hoofdstuk 9: Alcoholgebruik en misbruik:..................................................................................................... 88
9.1 Opname en afbraak van alcohol in het lichaam: ......................................................................................... 88
9.1.1 Opname: ............................................................................................................................................... 88
9.1.2 Afbraak: ................................................................................................................................................ 88
9.2 De impact van alcohol: ................................................................................................................................ 89
9.3 Gevolgen alcoholmisbruik: .......................................................................................................................... 89
9.3.1 Gevolgen op maatschappelijk gebied:.................................................................................................. 89
9.3.2 Gevolgen voor de lichamelijke gezondheid: ......................................................................................... 90
9.3.3 Gevolgen voor verslaving: .................................................................................................................... 91
Hoofdstuk 10: Geneesmiddelen: ................................................................................................................... 93
10.1 Wat is een geneesmiddel (FAGG, 2012): ................................................................................................... 93
10.1.1 Geneesmiddel of farmaceutische specialiteit: ................................................................................... 93
10.1.2 De onderzoeks- en ontwikkelingsfasen (O&O) van een nieuw geneesmiddel: .................................. 94
10.2 Toedieningswijzen en opname:: ................................................................................................................ 95
10.3 Hoe maakt men er gebruik van? ............................................................................................................... 95
10.3.1 De verpakking: .................................................................................................................................... 96
10.3.2 Patiëntenbijsluiter: ............................................................................................................................. 97
10.4 Gevaren van geneesmiddelen ................................................................................................................... 98
10.4.1 Tolerantie, intolerantie, idiosyncrasie: ............................................................................................... 98
10.4.2 Toxische invloeden en gevaren: ......................................................................................................... 98
10.4.3 Teratogene gevaren: .......................................................................................................................... 98
10.4.4 De diagnoseverwarring: ..................................................................................................................... 99
10.4.5 Gewenning en verslaving: .................................................................................................................. 99
Hoofdstuk 11: Rugklachten/preventie: ....................................................................................................... 100
11.1 Opbouw en werking van de rug:.............................................................................................................. 100
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