PATHO TEST #1 Questions and Answers 2022/2023

Disease - ANSWER • may be change in structure / function • a change from normal • a condition where signs and symptoms are evident • an alteration in homeostasis / the underlying concept • homeostasis - a state of balance within the body - a constant / stable internal environment -the body has many regulatory mechanisms in place to maintain homeostasis Disorder - ANSWER • A derangement / abnormality of function • usually refers to a particular problem (swallowing / eating disorder) • often used synonymously with disease Patho = - ANSWER Disease ology = - ANSWER Study of Pathologist: - ANSWER One who studies disease / usually a doctor Pathogens: - ANSWER micro organisms / agents that cause disease Pathogenesis: - ANSWER • patho = disease • genesis = arising from • how a disease progresses • follow the pathogenesis of a cold • inoculation - handshake • virus enters the body when you rub your eyes with your unwashed hand • incubation time - virus is multiplying • symptoms appear - runny nose / eyes • illness - followed by recovery • pathogenesis may be acute or chronic Acute - ANSWER • Sudden • Short term Chronic - ANSWER • slow progressing • long term • slow healing Etiology - ANSWER • The study of a cause of a disease Idiopathic - ANSWER • unknown cause • i.e. idiopathic thrombocytopenia Iatrogenic - ANSWER • iatro = medicine / physician • genic = arising from • a problem that arises from a prescribed treatment • anemia from chemotherapy Nosocomial - ANSWER • a disease that occurs from a hospital environment • post op infection PREDISPOSING FACTORS - ANSWER • also called risk factors • what makes a person susceptible to disease • not the cause of the disease nor do people with predisposing factors always develop the disease •they include - age - sex / gender - environment - lifestyle - heredity PREDISPOSING FACTORS: AGE - ANSWER • risk of disease usually increases with age • newborns are at risk b/c of immature immune systems • elderly are at risk b/c of degenerating immune systems PREDISPOSING FACTORS: SEX/ GENDER - ANSWER • Some diseases are more prevalent in one gender than another PREDISPOSING FACTORS: ENVIRONMENT - ANSWER • air / water pollution increase respiratory / GI disease • poor sanitation • excessive noise • occupational diseases ( lung cancer - miners / farmers - pesticides) • less health care available in remote areas increase the risk for chronic illness / disease progression PREDISPOSING FACTORS: LIFESTYLE - ANSWER • usually these factors have some controllable component • choosing to improve these behaviours lead to a reduction in risk • examples / smoking / alcohol / nutrition / exercise • universal / standard precautions PREDISPOSING FACTORS: HEREDITY - ANSWER • genetic makeup • although not able to change this / behaviour choices can reduce the risk • coronary artery disease / choosing not to smoke • ensuring screening if a strong hx of a specific disease DIAGNOSIS - ANSWER • the identification / naming of a disease • a diagnosis is made after a methodical study is done of data • a medical hx reviews the systems • information is revealed about - previous illness - family illness - predisposing factors - allergies - current symptoms • a head to toe physical examination should be completed • signs of a process may be noted SYMPTOMS - ANSWER • What the patient reports / experiences SIGNS - ANSWER • observable / measurable PHYSICAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES: INSPECTION - ANSWER Visualizing the body PHYSICAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES: PALPATION - ANSWER Touch / feeling lightly or firmly PHYSICAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES: AUSCULTATION - ANSWER Using a stethoscope to listen to the body PHYSICAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES: PERCUSSION - ANSWER Tapping over the body structures to assess sounds vibrated DIAGNOSTIC TESTS / PROCEDURE - ANSWER • Assist in completing a diagnosis • i.e. / urinalysis / CXR / EKG PROGNOSIS - ANSWER • the prediction or expected outcome of a disease • the duration of a disease may be acute or chronic • have a sudden onset / short term • may be lifelong • may begin insidiously and last a lifetime • may have episodes of remissions / exacerbations • a prognosis can be altered if complications develop • diseases leading to death have a high mortality rate • mortality / destined to die / being mortal • the mortality rate of a disease is related to the # of people who die with a particular disease in a given time • a deadly disease is considered fatal / lethal TREATMENT - ANSWER • once a diagnosis is made the health care team will establish a plan of care • treatment options with expected outcomes • the plan should include the person in the physical / social / spiritual / cognitive / emotional sense • interventions include / medications / surgery / exercise / nutrition / physical therapy / education • patient / family should be involved • throughout the treatment plan routine evaluations should be done to determine effectiveness • modifications may be necessary • a preventative plan is directed at preventative disease • a palliative treatment plan is directed at symptom management / comfort / a cure is not sought COMPOSITION OF BLOOD - ANSWER • recall the composition of blood from A and P notes • 5 litres • 3 litres plasma • 2 litres cells • plasma is the transport medium • cells are produced by the bone marrow •cells = WBC / leukocytes = RBC / erythrocytes = platelets / thrombocytes VENIPUNCTURE - ANSWER • most common site / antecubital vein • procedure includes 1. universal precautions 2. apply tourniquet to produce venous congestions 3. have patient close fist 4. cleanse site 5. insert needle into vein using a 21 gauge needle with a vacutainer / bevel up / a butterfly can be used • blood should fill the container b/c of pressure • remove tourniquet to prevent bruising • apply pressure to site / dressing • some tubes have an anticoagulant in them to keep the sample from clotting / careful to use correct tube • ID should be checked • ensure that all required prep be complete prior to the test ( NPO etc) • errors may occur when improper cleansing is done and specimen may be contaminated • if the sample is too small hemolysis may result • do not take sample above the IV site • coagulated specimens should not be shaken too vigourously • if tubes are mislabelled or not labelled errors may result • all specimens need to be transported to the lab in an acceptable manner and time frame CBC / COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT - ANSWER • basic screening test / frequently ordered • consists of a series of tests that determine # / variety / percentage / concentrations of blood cells • tests completed with the CBC include 1. WBC - white blood cell count 2. Diff - differential white blo